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Neurology > Topic 3 : Neuroglia > Flashcards

Topic 3 : Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

Glia, also called ______ or _______

A

glial cells or neuroglia

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2
Q

T/F

Glia are the non-neuron components of the nervous system

A

True

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3
Q

Glia do not produce _____ ______?

A

electrical impulses

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4
Q

Glial cells have far more cellular diversity and functions, including responding to and manipulating what?

A

neurotransmission

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5
Q

Myelin is a mixture of proteins and lipids forming an insulating sheath around many ____ _____ (___?___)

A

nerve fibres

axons

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6
Q

Myelin is produced by what cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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7
Q

Schwann cells produce what in the PNS?

A

Myelin

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8
Q

T/F

Schwann cells produce Myelin in the CNS

A

False

PNS

ok enough about Schwann cells!!!

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9
Q

What is an active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fiber in the PNS is cut or crushed?

A

Wallerian degeneration

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10
Q

Neuroregeneration in the PNS can occur to a significant degree. Injury to the peripheral nerve immediately elicits the migration of what two things?

And to where?

A

Schwann cells and macrophages to the lesion site

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11
Q

T/F

The distal axons are able to regrow as long as the cell body is intact, and they have contacted the Schwann cells

A

False

proximal

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12
Q

________ without Wallerian degeneration) is the mildest form of nerve injury.

A

Neuropraxia

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13
Q

“pins and needles”

A

parastheisia

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14
Q

Patients are able to fully recover from this “mildest” for of nerve injury

A

Neuropraxia

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15
Q

Saturday Night Palsy or Honeymoon Palsy

A

Neuropraxia

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16
Q

this often follows a stretch injury?

A

Axonotmesis

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17
Q

complete recovery is impossible from this neuron injury

A

Neurotmesis

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18
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Conduction block

A

Neuropraxia

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19
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Axons Divided

A

Axonotmesis

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20
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Nerve Divided

A

Neurotmesis

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21
Q

T/F

Oligodendrocytes are myelin-producing cells in the CNS

A

True

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes are myelin-producing cells in the ____?

A

CNS

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23
Q

______ are myelin-producing cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

______ is a disease that attacks oligodendrocytes

A

MS

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25
Q

MS is currently classified as an _______ of the _____ and _____ _____ ?

A

autoimmune disease

CNS and optic nerves.

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26
Q

This disease attacks myelin? PNS or CNS?

A

MS

CNS

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27
Q

the presence of abnormal, uncoordinated movements

A

Ataxia

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28
Q

occurs when the speech muscles are weak or are hard to control

A

Dysarthria

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29
Q

often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand.

A

Dysarthria

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30
Q

Diplopia (double vision)

A

a person sees two images of a single object

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31
Q

are immune system cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy infected, damaged, or dead cells.

A

Macrophages

32
Q

Microglia are the resident macrophage immune cells of the _____

A

CNS

33
Q

T/F

Microglia facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain

A

True

34
Q

______ are substances released by cells and affect the behaviour of other cells?

A

Cytokines

35
Q

Pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines can be transported into the brain via the blood (humoral pathway) or by this cranial nerve ______ (neural pathway)?

A

The Vagus Nerve

CNX

36
Q

CNX

A

The Vagus Nerve

37
Q

T/F

Neuroinflammation driven by microglial cells show few if any of the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation \ pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function (SHARP).

A

True

38
Q

Cytotoxic secretion by microglia are what NT?

A

Glutamate

39
Q

T/F
Microglia can pump out neuron damaging pro-inflammatory factors, or they can pump out anti- inflammatory factors that are neuroprotective

A

True

40
Q

Reactive microgliosis

A

self-perpetuating neurotoxicity

41
Q

Star shaped cell?

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

Astrocytes can signal each other using ____?

A

ATP

43
Q

Astrocytes can regulate ______ and vasodilation of brain blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction

44
Q

T/F

Astrocyte activity is NOT linked to blood flow in the brain

A

False it is linked

45
Q

Astrocytes can also recycle _____ released during synaptic transmission

A

neurotransmitters

46
Q

Scientists later discovered astrocytes have long, highly branched processes which end on the walls of capillaries. These astrocyte processes contribute to a complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries. This filtration system is called ______?

A

the blood brain barrier (BBB).

47
Q

The BBB

A

The Blood Brain Barrier

48
Q

Excess glutamate in the BBB, a NT, causes cells to become overexcited and die. This process is called _____?

A

excitotoxicity

49
Q

the blood protein ____ can leak into the brain via a damaged BBB leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons, and epileptic seizures

A

albumin

50
Q

These cells line the ventricles of the brain?

A

Ependymal

51
Q

These cells _____ filter the blood to produce what

_________ _____ or (CSF)?

A 
Ependymal
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
52
Q

______ is a clear, colorless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head.

A

CSF

53
Q

Under some pathological conditions, CSF builds up in the brain, a condition called _____?

A

hydrocephalus

54
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the _______ space of the CNS, protecting it and transporting hormones

A

subarachnoid

55
Q

3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine?

A

The Meninges

56
Q

the tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges

A

Dura mater

57
Q

T/F

The Dura mater has two layers. The outer layer anchors the dura to the skull.

A

True

58
Q

This mater refers to a delicate spider web-like network of collagen fibers.

A

The arachnoid mater

59
Q

This Mater is the inner, delicate, vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain.

A

The pia mater

60
Q

this is the web-like space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

A

The subarachnoid space

61
Q

an inflammation of the meninges. It can occur when CSF fluid surrounding the meninges becomes infected

A

Meningitis

62
Q

The most common causes of _______ are viral and bacterial infections. Symptoms include neck stiffness, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion.

A

meningitis

63
Q

A lumbar puncture also called

A

a spinal tap

64
Q

an invasive outpatient procedure used to remove a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space

A

A spinal Tap

65
Q

A lumbar puncture can help diagnose serious infections, such as? Name some

A

meningitis, multiple sclerosis, or cancers of the brain or spinal cord.

66
Q

Hematomas can occur in ______ and _____ spaces

A

subdural and epidural spaces

67
Q

This refers to the functional tissue in the brain (neurons and glial cells).

A

Brain parenchyma

68
Q

Bleeding into the parenchyma is known as?

A

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

69
Q

T/F

Damage or trauma to the brain parenchyma often results in a loss of cognitive ability or even death?

A

True

70
Q

A blow to the skull can create an

A

epidural hematoma

71
Q

An epidural hematoma between between the____ and the ____ if it causes a fracture that transects a blood vessel

A

skull and the dura

72
Q

T/F

A subdural hematoma is more common in elderly brains because of the shrinkage that occurs with aging.

A

True

73
Q

T/F

A chronic subdural hematoma is an “old” collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura

A

True

74
Q

a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas

A

Trepanation

75
Q

It is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled in the skull. (It is also performed by a physician through a fingernail or toenail to relieve the pain associated with a subungual hematoma)

A

Trepanation

Neurology (5 decks)

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