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Neurology > Topic 3 : Neuroglia > Flashcards

Topic 3 : Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

Glia, also called ______ or _______

A

glial cells or neuroglia

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2
Q

T/F

Glia are the non-neuron components of the nervous system

A

True

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3
Q

Glia do not produce _____ ______?

A

electrical impulses

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4
Q

Glial cells have far more cellular diversity and functions, including responding to and manipulating what?

A

neurotransmission

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5
Q

Myelin is a mixture of proteins and lipids forming an insulating sheath around many ____ _____ (___?___)

A

nerve fibres

axons

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6
Q

Myelin is produced by what cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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7
Q

Schwann cells produce what in the PNS?

A

Myelin

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8
Q

T/F

Schwann cells produce Myelin in the CNS

A

False

PNS

ok enough about Schwann cells!!!

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9
Q

What is an active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fiber in the PNS is cut or crushed?

A

Wallerian degeneration

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10
Q

Neuroregeneration in the PNS can occur to a significant degree. Injury to the peripheral nerve immediately elicits the migration of what two things?

And to where?

A

Schwann cells and macrophages to the lesion site

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11
Q

T/F

The distal axons are able to regrow as long as the cell body is intact, and they have contacted the Schwann cells

A

False

proximal

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12
Q

________ without Wallerian degeneration) is the mildest form of nerve injury.

A

Neuropraxia

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13
Q

“pins and needles”

A

parastheisia

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14
Q

Patients are able to fully recover from this “mildest” for of nerve injury

A

Neuropraxia

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15
Q

Saturday Night Palsy or Honeymoon Palsy

A

Neuropraxia

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16
Q

this often follows a stretch injury?

A

Axonotmesis

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17
Q

complete recovery is impossible from this neuron injury

A

Neurotmesis

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18
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Conduction block

A

Neuropraxia

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19
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Axons Divided

A

Axonotmesis

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20
Q

Grades of nerve injury

Nerve Divided

A

Neurotmesis

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21
Q

T/F

Oligodendrocytes are myelin-producing cells in the CNS

A

True

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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes are myelin-producing cells in the ____?

A

CNS

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23
Q

______ are myelin-producing cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

______ is a disease that attacks oligodendrocytes

A

MS

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25
MS is currently classified as an _______ of the _____ and _____ _____ ?
autoimmune disease | CNS and optic nerves.
26
This disease attacks myelin? PNS or CNS?
MS | CNS
27
the presence of abnormal, uncoordinated movements
Ataxia
28
occurs when the speech muscles are weak or are hard to control
Dysarthria
29
often causes slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand.
Dysarthria
30
Diplopia (double vision)
a person sees two images of a single object
31
are immune system cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy infected, damaged, or dead cells.
Macrophages
32
Microglia are the resident macrophage immune cells of the _____
CNS
33
T/F Microglia facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain
True
34
______ are substances released by cells and affect the behaviour of other cells?
Cytokines
35
Pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines can be transported into the brain via the blood (humoral pathway) or by this cranial nerve ______ (neural pathway)?
The Vagus Nerve | CNX
36
CNX
The Vagus Nerve
37
T/F Neuroinflammation driven by microglial cells show few if any of the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation \ pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function (SHARP).
True
38
Cytotoxic secretion by microglia are what NT?
Glutamate
39
T/F Microglia can pump out neuron damaging pro-inflammatory factors, or they can pump out anti- inflammatory factors that are neuroprotective
True
40
Reactive microgliosis
self-perpetuating neurotoxicity
41
Star shaped cell?
Astrocytes
42
Astrocytes can signal each other using ____?
ATP
43
Astrocytes can regulate ______ and vasodilation of brain blood vessels
vasoconstriction
44
T/F Astrocyte activity is NOT linked to blood flow in the brain
False it is linked
45
Astrocytes can also recycle _____ released during synaptic transmission
neurotransmitters
46
Scientists later discovered astrocytes have long, highly branched processes which end on the walls of capillaries. These astrocyte processes contribute to a complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries. This filtration system is called ______?
the blood brain barrier (BBB).
47
The BBB
The Blood Brain Barrier
48
Excess glutamate in the BBB, a NT, causes cells to become overexcited and die. This process is called _____?
excitotoxicity
49
the blood protein ____ can leak into the brain via a damaged BBB leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons, and epileptic seizures
albumin
50
These cells line the ventricles of the brain?
Ependymal
51
These cells _____ filter the blood to produce what | _________ _____ or (CSF)?
``` Ependymal Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). ```
52
______ is a clear, colorless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head.
CSF
53
Under some pathological conditions, CSF builds up in the brain, a condition called _____?
hydrocephalus
54
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the _______ space of the CNS, protecting it and transporting hormones
subarachnoid
55
3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine?
The Meninges
56
the tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges
Dura mater
57
T/F | The Dura mater has two layers. The outer layer anchors the dura to the skull.
True
58
This mater refers to a delicate spider web-like network of collagen fibers.
The arachnoid mater
59
This Mater is the inner, delicate, vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain.
The pia mater
60
this is the web-like space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
The subarachnoid space
61
an inflammation of the meninges. It can occur when CSF fluid surrounding the meninges becomes infected
Meningitis
62
The most common causes of _______ are viral and bacterial infections. Symptoms include neck stiffness, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion.
meningitis
63
A lumbar puncture also called
a spinal tap
64
an invasive outpatient procedure used to remove a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space
A spinal Tap
65
A lumbar puncture can help diagnose serious infections, such as? Name some
meningitis, multiple sclerosis, or cancers of the brain or spinal cord.
66
Hematomas can occur in ______ and _____ spaces
subdural and epidural spaces
67
This refers to the functional tissue in the brain (neurons and glial cells).
Brain parenchyma
68
Bleeding into the parenchyma is known as?
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
69
T/F Damage or trauma to the brain parenchyma often results in a loss of cognitive ability or even death?
True
70
A blow to the skull can create an
epidural hematoma
71
An epidural hematoma between between the____ and the ____ if it causes a fracture that transects a blood vessel
skull and the dura
72
T/F A subdural hematoma is more common in elderly brains because of the shrinkage that occurs with aging.
True
73
T/F A chronic subdural hematoma is an "old" collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura
True
74
a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas
Trepanation
75
It is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled in the skull. (It is also performed by a physician through a fingernail or toenail to relieve the pain associated with a subungual hematoma)
Trepanation

Neurology (5 decks)

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