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Neurology > The Spinal Cord > Flashcards

The Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

links the brain and the rest of the body

A

The spinal cord (SC)

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2
Q

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to vertebrae ___ - ___

A

L1-2

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3
Q

the cone-shaped end of the spinal cord

A

The conus medullaris

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4
Q

The lumbar and sacral spinal nerves exit from the conus medullaris to form the ____ ____

A

cauda equina (“horse’s tail”).

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5
Q

T/F

the cauda equina is part of the PNS.

A

True

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6
Q

The SC has __ pairs of spinal nerves - __ cervical, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ___ sacral, ___ coccygeal.

A 
31 spinal nerves
8 cervical 
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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7
Q

The names of the spinal nerves correspond to the names of the spinal cord levels from which they ____

A

emerge

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8
Q

T/F

Each of the first cervical nerves leaves the vertebral canal below the corresponding vertebrae.

A

False

above

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9
Q

T/F
Because there are only seven cervical vertebrae, the eighth cervical nerve leaves between the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae.

A

true

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10
Q

T/F

Each of the subsequent nerves exits below the corresponding vertebrae T1-T2 is T1 nerve root etc…

A

True

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11
Q

A needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae below the conus medullaris

A

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)

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12
Q

T/F

A sample of CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

A

True

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13
Q

This procedure can help diagnose disorders such as meningitis, multiple sclerosis or cancers of the brain or spinal cord.

A

Spinal Tap

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14
Q

T/F

the epidural space is often used for anesthesia as well

A

true

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15
Q

A spinal cord segment is the area of the spinal cord from which a pair of ____ and ____ roots attach. Within the cord itself there are no distinct boundaries between these segments.

A

dorsal and ventral

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16
Q

The anterior and posterior nerve roots combine on each side to form the spinal nerves as they exit the vertebral canal through the _____ _____

A

intervertebral foramina

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17
Q

How many roots make up a spinal cord segment?

A

4

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18
Q

The dorsal (posterior) root carries ____ information.

A

afferent

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19
Q

The ventral (anterior) root carries ____ signals from the SC to muscles and viscera.

A

efferent

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20
Q

The SC gray matter is said to resemble a butterfly or the letter “H” and is surrounded by ____ _____

A

white matter

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21
Q

T/F

The amount of grey and white matter varies at different SC levels

A

True

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22
Q

The gray matter consists of the cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, “mostly” unmyelinated axons, and the dendrites of _____ and _____ neurons

A

interneurons and motor

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23
Q

The gray matter in the spinal cord has regions referred to as

A

horns

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24
Q

Upper Motor Neurons have their cell bodies in the cerebral cortex of the ____ lobe

A

Frontal

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25
Q

Lower Motor Neurons are ____ that have the cell body in the ____ _____ or _____ region of the brainstem eg CN _____

A

multipolar efferent neurons
anterior horn or ventral
CN VII

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26
Q

LMNs that leave the SC innervate ____ of the body eg ____

A

muscles

Biceps Brachii

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27
Q

LMNs of the motor cranial nerves (those that leave the _____ ) usually innervate the mm. of the_____ (e.g., masseter via ___Cn ____

A

brainstem
head
CN V

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28
Q

Descending tracts from the brain synapse with _____

A

lower motor neurons cell bodies in the ventral horn.

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29
Q

Unipolar axons entering the dorsal _____ synapse with hundreds of interneurons.

A

horn

30
Q

These interneurons connect with other neurons within the ___ ___ and form A___ S___ T___ that will synapse in higher brain centers.

A

spinal cord

ascending sensory tracts

31
Q

The ventral root axons join with the peripheral processes of the D____ root ganglion cells to form mixed ( ____ and ____) spinal nerves, which merge to form P____ nerves.

A

dorsal
afferent and efferent
peripheral

32
Q

The lateral horn is present at ____ levels of the spinal cord, specifically through levels ____ to ____

A

14

T1- L2

33
Q

All sympathetic nervous system outflow is via the ____

A

T1-L2 cell bodies in the lateral horn.

34
Q

The Sympathetic NS is therefore referred to as the

A

thoracolumbar division of the ANS.

35
Q

The Parasympathetic NS is also known as the

A

cranial sacral division of the ANS.

36
Q

The white matter consists of mostly ( give 5 examples)

A

myelinated and some unmyelinated axons of sensory neurons, interneurons,
and motor neurons.

37
Q

Spinal Cord contains many ____ (bundled axons in the CNS).

A

tracts

38
Q

Ascending tracts are

A

Sensory

39
Q

Descending tracts (those which travel away from the brain) are

A

Motor

40
Q

Most sensory tract names begin with “spino-, indicating they begin in the ___ ___.Their name will end with the part of the brain where the tract ____.

A

spinal cord

leads

41
Q

the spinothalamic tract travels from the spinal cord to the thalamus (and to the cerebellum carrying ____ signals.

A

nociceptive

42
Q

Tracts whose names end in “- spinal motor” are ____.

A

motor

43
Q

the corticospinal tract begins with nerve fibers leaving the cerebral cortex of the brain and travelling down toward lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem innervating ____ muscles.

A

skeletal

44
Q

The spinothalamic tracts are ____ pathways from the skin to the thalamus.

A

sensory

45
Q

From the thalamus, sensory information is relayed upward to the ____ somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus of the ____ lobe.

A

contralateral

parietal

46
Q

The Spinothalamic tract relays _____ ( 3 examples)

A

nociceptive “pain” temperature and crude (poorly localized) touch.

47
Q

The Dorsal Columns carry ___ information that includes gentle touch such as caresses,

A

sensory information

48
Q

the ability to recognize the shape of an object being held

A

stereognosis

49
Q

give two other sensory touch examples related to the dorsal column sensory information

A

fine touch (two-point discrimination) and conscious proprioception

50
Q

What are the two

divisions of the dorsal columns.

A

Fasciculi Gracilis & Cuneatus

51
Q

The Gracile Fasciculus carries _____ input from the lower trunk and lower limbs via segments below the T6 spinal cord level.

A

afferent

52
Q

T/F

The Cuneate Fasciculus is located lateral to the Gracile Fasciculus.

A

True

53
Q

T/F

The Cuneate Fasciculus carries signals from the upper body except the face which is carried by the CN VII fascial nerve.

A

False

trigeminal nerve CN V

54
Q

The spinocerebellar tract starts in the spinal cord and terminates on the ____ side
of the cerebellum.

A

ipsilateral

55
Q

T/F

The spinocerebellar tract carries unconscious proprioceptive information.

A

True

56
Q

The information brought via the spinocerebellar tract is brought to the cerebellum to help coordinate ______

A

movements

57
Q

T/F

The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract.

A

True

58
Q

refers to specifically to the medulla oblongata which had a bulbous shape. It can also refer to the brainstem in general.

A

Bulbar

59
Q

a term that includes difficulty swallowing, lack of a gag reflex, inability to articulate words and excessive drooling.

A

Bulbar palsy

60
Q

Bulbar palsy is most commonly caused by either of these two things

A

a brainstem stroke or tumor.

61
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts originate in the _____ , carrying ____ signals to the spinal cord

A

brainstem

motor

62
Q

T/F

Extrapyramidal Tracts are NOT responsible for the involuntary and automatic control of all
musculature, such as muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion

A

False

Extrapyramidal Tracts ARE responsible for the involuntary and automatic control of all
musculature, such as muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion

63
Q

Extrapyramidal function includes ‘being able to not make movements we don’t want to make’ aka

A

Inhibition

64
Q

Extrapyramidal disfunction results in

A

disinhibition

65
Q

T/F

The extrapyramidal system centers on the regulation (indirect control) of lower motor neurons arising from the ventral horns of the spinal cord.

A

True

66
Q

Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.

A

Tectospinal tract

67
Q

It is responsible for unconsciously adjusting posture to maintain balance.

A

Vestibulospinal tract

68
Q

vascular disorders, degenerative disorders,

brain trauma, meningitis, and antipsychotic drugs.

A

Extrapyramidal Disorders

69
Q

a feeling of restlessness, making it hard to sit down or hold still. Symptoms include tapping your fingers, rocking, and crossing and uncrossing your legs.

A

Akathisia (agitation)

70
Q

a condition that causes muscles to involuntarily contract and contort. This can lead to painful positions or movements.

A

Dystonia

71
Q

uncontrollable facial movements such as sucking or chewing, lip-smacking, sticking your tongue out or blinking your eyes repeatedly.

A

Tardive dyskinesia

Neurology (5 decks)

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