Intro to NS - Topic 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Bundles of Axons in the PNS
A
Nerves
2
Q
Axons are also called
A
Nerve Fibres
3
Q
A structure that is long and thin
A
A Fibre
4
Q
CNS is composed of the _____ and ____
It contains ______
A
Brain
Spinal Cord
Relay Neurons (Interneurons)
5
Q
Divisions of the NS (2)
A
CNS and PNS
6
Q
PNS exists
A
Outside the brain and spinal cord
7
Q
PNS is composed of __3___
It contains S____ and M_____ neurons
A
cranial nerves
spinal nerves and their roots and branches
PN and NMJ’s
Sensor and Motor neurons
8
Q
Sensory receptors (organs) convert stimuli into _____ ______ (aka)
A
Action Potentials
Nerve impulses
9
Q
PNS can be divided into two pathways
A
Sensory (Afferent)
Motor (Efferent)
10
Q
Motor pathway is voluntary (aka) or
involuntary (aka)
A
Somatic or Autonomic
11
Q
ANS (aka)
A
Visceral System
12
Q
ANS is involved in control of ____, ____ and ____
A
heart, glands and smooth mm of the body
13
Q
T/F
Control:
SONS: __involuntary__
ANS: __voluntary____
A
false
SONS: voluntary
ANS: involuntary
14
Q
Effectors: what they control
SONS: ______
ANS: _____, ____, _____
A
skeletal mm
cardiac and smooth mm,. glands
15
Q
PNS is divided into two separate divisions
A
Parasympathetic NS and Sympathetic NS
16
Q
Parasympathetic is ____
A
rest and digest
17
Q
Sympathetic is ____
A
fight or flight
18
Q
Adrenal glands make up a large amount of catecholamines as a result of _______
A
stress (SNS)
19
Q
The main Catecholamines are ____ and _____
A
adrenaline and dopamine
20
Q
Most organs are innervated by _____ from both divisions. Their influence is usually _____/_____
A
nerves
antagonistic/complimentary
21
Q
PANS (parasympatheticNS) nerve cell bodies are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the ____ _____. As a result, it is known as the
C _____ S_____D ______
A
spinal cord
cranial sacral division
22
Q
The Vagus ( cranial nerve _ ) carries most of the ______ signals
A
X
Parasympathetic Signals
23
Q
All sympathetic NS outflow is via the
(think vertebrae) ____ - _____ spinal nerves
A
T1 - L2
24
Q
The Sympathetic NS is also referred to as the ____. Why?
A
Thoracolumbar outflow
It exists in T1 - L2
25
1. Bilateral Sympathetic chains (_aka_) are part of the SNS
trunks
26
2. Sympathetic trunks allow fibre to travel to spinal nerves that are S_____ and I_____ to the one in which they originated (T1 - L2).
superior and inferior
27
3. Along the length of the sympathetic trunks are sympathetic ganglia known as _____ ______
These ganglia are part of the ______ NS
paravertebral ganglia
| Sympathetic
28
The wrinkling response requires _____ ______
sympathetic outflow
29
Vasovagal Syncope
fainting
| explain?
30
Two most common examples of vasovagal syncope are _____ and _____
orthostatic and postpandrial syncope
31
see chart
page 7
32
Orthostatic Hypotension (__aka___) is a drop in _______
postural hypotension
| blood pressure from lying down to standing up suddenly
33
Postpradranial Hypotension
a drop in blood pressure one hour after eating a meal
34
Micturition Syncape or post-micturition
fainting shortly after urination usually from a standing position
35
Micturition Syncope may be a result of a ____ response, postural ______ or both
vasovagal, hypotension
36
Nerve cells able to conduct electrical impulses (AKA) that function as ____
action potentials
| signals
37
Multipolar Neurons have many ____ or _____
| ( a___ and d ___) and a cell body ( _aka_ )
poles or processes
axons and dendrites
soma
38
The cell body is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the ____
nucleus
39
the job of the cell body is to control all of the functions of the ___
neuron
40
this brings information into the neuron
dendrites
41
this sends information to other neurons, mm or gland cell
axon
42
branches of an axon that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell or with an effector cell
axon terminals
43
multipolar neurons that receive information from the input from thousands of cells via numerous branching dendrites
purkinje fibres
44
purkinje fibres reside in the
cerebellum
45
the cerebellum plays a fundamental role in coordinating ______ movement
motor
46
loss or damage to purkinje cells can give rise to certain several ______ diseases and ______
neurological and symptoms
47
during embryonic growth purkinje fibres can be permanently destroyed by exposure to alcohol ___aka___
fetal alcohol syndrome
48
has one pole coming off the cell body
unipolar neuron
49
unipolar neuron is always attached to a ____ receptor at their _____ end
sensory
| distal
50
cell body is part of a ____ _____ _____
dorsal root ganglion
51
dorsal root ganglion
a cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve
52
A sensory receptor ( ___aka___ ) converts _____
organ
| stimuli
53
example ... pinching is a mechanical deformation, onto the skin which creates electrical impulses that are carrying incoming ( _____) signals into the CNS
afferent
54
______ _______ detect skin stretch, monitor slippage of objects along the surface of the skin, allowing modulation of grip on an object
Ruffini terminals (endings)
55
_____ _____ detect transient pressure and high-frequency vibration
Pacinian corpuscles
56
_____ _____ found under the ridges that form your fingerprints and are light touch receptors
Meissener's corpuscles
57
Ruffini terminals, Pacinian corpuscles and Meissener's corpuscles are ....
Haptic receptors
58
these neurons are not as common as a unipolar or multipolar neurons
Bipolar Neurons
59
a notable example of a bipolar neuron is
The Von Economo Neuron
60
The Von Economo Neuron is what spindle shape with a _____ shape? Not to be confused with muscle
fusiform shaped
61
what does Fusiform mean?
it is a spindle like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends
62
T/F
Bipolar neurons provide for rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants and cetaceans
True
63
The site of communication bw/ two neurons
synapse
64
the gap bw/ 2 neurons that the NT's have to cross in order to continue the propagation of the action potential
synaptic cleft
65
the chemical molecule that moves form one neuron to the next at the synapse
neurotransmitter
66
a NT that plays a major role in reward- motivated behaviour is?
dopamine
67
T/F
Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor systems
true
68
a degenerative condition causing motor impairment and is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons
Parkinson's disease
69
a NT used at most synapses that are "modifiable" ie; capable of increasing or decreasing in strength
glutamate
70
T/F
excessive glutamate release can overstimulate the brain and lead to excitotoxicity causing cell death resulting in seizures or strokes
True
71
Excitotoxicity has been implicated in certain chronic diseases including these two known chronic diseases ....
epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease
72
is a CNS disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior such as staring blankly for a few seconds or repeatedly twitch arms or legs.
Epilepsy
73
T/F
Acetylcholine is a NT
True
74
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is mostly made up of a network of (how many) nerves that connect the CNS to the entire human body.
43 Nerves
75
Nerves in the PNS control the functions of these 3 things. They are fragile and can be damaged easily.
sensation
movement
motor coordination
76
The peripheral nerves consist of _____ and ____ nerves
cranial and spinal
77
T/F
Cranial nerves are nerves that connect to the brain
True
78
T/F
There are XV cranial nerves
false
XII
79
The trigeminal nerve supplies sensations to the face and other structures of the head. It has 3 divisions
the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
80
The mandibular division is also the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication which include the ____ and _____
massester and temporalis
81
tic douloureux
Trigeminal neuralgia
82
Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the most painful afflictions known. The typical form causes extreme, sporadic, sudden shock-like (paroxysmal) facial pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed. The pain episodes last from a few seconds to as long as two minutes. These attacks can occur in quick succession lasting as long as two hours. Usually the precipitating cause is ______
Idiopathic
83
The Accessory Nerve XI this nerve is motor to what two muscles?
(SCM) & Trapezius
84
Patients with acquired torticollis (aka) present with the head twisted
to the affected side and the chin pointed toward the opposite shoulder.
wry neck
85
T/F
The Facial Nerve VII is afferent to the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) glands and two salivary glands.
false
efferent
86
T/F
Bell’s palsy is a form of flaccid paralysis of CN V
false
CN VII
87
The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as
| CN ____
CN VIII
88
CN VIII of what two nerves
vestibular and cochlear nerves.
89
The vestibular nerve is primarily responsible for
maintaining balance
90
The cochlear nerve is responsible for
hearing
91
The primary role of the vestibular system is....
to maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion.
92
The vestibular system (aka)
inner ear balance mechanism
93
Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing motor impairment, is caused by a loss of
dopamine-secreting neurons
94
The CN ____ aka nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including speech.
CN X The Vagus Nerve
95
T/F
The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs (except the adrenal glands), from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon.
True
96
T/F
The vagus also controls a few skeletal muscles, including the mm. of the facial expression.
False
larynx
97
Spinal nerves are
bundles of nerve fibers connected to the spinal cord
98
All spinal nerves are
mixed nerves
99
Mixed nerves carry
afferent and efferent signals
100
This pressure disrupts the nerve's function, causing pain, tingling, numbness or weakness. This is known as....
paraesthesia
101
Three clinical Upper Limb Spinal Nerves
Ulnar, Median and Radial
102
explain Ulnar nerve entrapment
at the elbow can occur when there is prolonged stretching of the nerve by keeping the elbow fully bent or when there is direct pressure on the nerve from leaning the elbow against a solid surface.
103
explain entrapment at the medial wrist
can occur when there is direct pressure on the nerve by leaning on handlebars on the medial side of the palm during long bike rides or prolonged use of hand tools.
Repeated shifting can cause irritation of the ulnar nerve. The term “ulnar nerve instability” describes the chronic conditions of subluxation (dislocation) and relocation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with flexion and extension.
104
Recurrent subluxation of the nerve at the elbow results in
neuritis
105
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a result of
compression of the Median Nerve in the carpal tunnel.
106
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome often presents as
numbness and tingling in the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger.
107
CTS usually starts off just at night and wakes people up or during specific activities. This can progress to constant numbness, wasting of the muscles and weakness of the _____ ______ if not treated early enough.
thenar eminence, refers to the group of muscles on the palm of the hand at the base of the thumb.
108
The radial nerve's innervates what?
extensor muscles of the wrist and digits.
109
T/F
| Those whose radial nerve function has been compromised cannot actively extend them
True
110
Wrist drop is the disorder caused by
wrist and digit extensor muscle palsy. Think radial nerve
111
Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of
paralysis, often accompanied by weakness and the loss of feeling
112
________ makes up the largest portion of the brain and consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum
113
Each hemisphere controls the ____ side of the body. Each cerebral hemisphere has ____ lobes. Each lobe is associated with various functions.
contralateral
| 4
114
4 Lobes in Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
115
Lobe involved in vision analyses
Occipital Lobe
116
Lobe involved in sensory analyses of information from skin and muscles
Parietal Lobe
117
Lobe involved in analyses of hearing
Temporal Lobe
118
Lobe involved in skeletal muscle movement
Frontal Lobe
119
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
120
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglia
121
a group of subcortical nuclei in the white matter of the frontal lobe. Their dysfunction results in a wide range of neurological problems. Movement disorders include, most notably Parkinson's disease.
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei)
122
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Brainstem
123
motor skills coordination
Cerebellum
124
is produced with purposeful movement toward a target, such as lifting a finger to touch the nose. Typically, the ______ tremor will become worse as an individual gets closer to their target.
Intention tremor
125
T/F
| Transient intention tremors can be caused by stress, anxiety, fear, anger, caffeine, and fatigue
True
126
has a major role in learning and long term memory located deep in the temporal lobe
damage can cause amnesia preventing people from forming new memories and
remembering past experiences
Hippocampus
127
maintains the body’s homeostasis by controlling ANS and endocrine systems
• produces releasing and inhibiting hormone that effect the pituitary,
• the pituitary which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the
body
Hypothalamus
128
relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
129
a key component in the experience of bodily self- awareness, for example awareness of heartbeat, and
sense of body awareness and ownership (interoception).
Insula
130
higher-level functions such as attention allocation, decision-making, impulse control (e.g., performance monitoring and error detection
Anterior cingulate cortex
131
perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision making, and emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression)
Amygdala
132
a group of brain structures that support a variety of functions including emotion. It includes the hypothalamus, insula, hippocampus and amygdala.
Limbic System
