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Neurology > Intro to NS - Topic 1 > Flashcards

Intro to NS - Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bundles of Axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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2
Q

Axons are also called

A

Nerve Fibres

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3
Q

A structure that is long and thin

A

A Fibre

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4
Q

CNS is composed of the _____ and ____

It contains ______

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Relay Neurons (Interneurons)

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5
Q

Divisions of the NS (2)

A

CNS and PNS

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6
Q

PNS exists

A

Outside the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

PNS is composed of __3___

It contains S____ and M_____ neurons

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves and their roots and branches
PN and NMJ’s
Sensor and Motor neurons

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8
Q

Sensory receptors (organs) convert stimuli into _____ ______ (aka)

A

Action Potentials

Nerve impulses

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9
Q

PNS can be divided into two pathways

A

Sensory (Afferent)

Motor (Efferent)

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10
Q

Motor pathway is voluntary (aka) or

involuntary (aka)

A

Somatic or Autonomic

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11
Q

ANS (aka)

A

Visceral System

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12
Q

ANS is involved in control of ____, ____ and ____

A

heart, glands and smooth mm of the body

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13
Q

T/F

Control:
SONS: __involuntary__
ANS: __voluntary____

A

false

SONS: voluntary
ANS: involuntary

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14
Q

Effectors: what they control
SONS: ______
ANS: _____, ____, _____

A

skeletal mm

cardiac and smooth mm,. glands

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15
Q

PNS is divided into two separate divisions

A

Parasympathetic NS and Sympathetic NS

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16
Q

Parasympathetic is ____

A

rest and digest

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17
Q

Sympathetic is ____

A

fight or flight

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18
Q

Adrenal glands make up a large amount of catecholamines as a result of _______

A

stress (SNS)

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19
Q

The main Catecholamines are ____ and _____

A

adrenaline and dopamine

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20
Q

Most organs are innervated by _____ from both divisions. Their influence is usually _____/_____

A

nerves

antagonistic/complimentary

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21
Q

PANS (parasympatheticNS) nerve cell bodies are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the ____ _____. As a result, it is known as the
C _____ S_____D ______

A

spinal cord

cranial sacral division

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22
Q

The Vagus ( cranial nerve _ ) carries most of the ______ signals

A

X

Parasympathetic Signals

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23
Q

All sympathetic NS outflow is via the

(think vertebrae) ____ - _____ spinal nerves

A

T1 - L2

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24
Q

The Sympathetic NS is also referred to as the ____. Why?

A

Thoracolumbar outflow

It exists in T1 - L2

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25
Q
  1. Bilateral Sympathetic chains (aka) are part of the SNS
A

trunks

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26
Q
  1. Sympathetic trunks allow fibre to travel to spinal nerves that are S_____ and I_____ to the one in which they originated (T1 - L2).
A

superior and inferior

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27
Q
  1. Along the length of the sympathetic trunks are sympathetic ganglia known as _____ ______
    These ganglia are part of the ______ NS
A

paravertebral ganglia

Sympathetic

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28
Q

The wrinkling response requires _____ ______

A

sympathetic outflow

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29
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

fainting

explain?

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30
Q

Two most common examples of vasovagal syncope are _____ and _____

A

orthostatic and postpandrial syncope

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31
Q

see chart

A

page 7

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32
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension (__aka___) is a drop in _______

A

postural hypotension

blood pressure from lying down to standing up suddenly

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33
Q

Postpradranial Hypotension

A

a drop in blood pressure one hour after eating a meal

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34
Q

Micturition Syncape or post-micturition

A

fainting shortly after urination usually from a standing position

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35
Q

Micturition Syncope may be a result of a ____ response, postural ______ or both

A

vasovagal, hypotension

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36
Q

Nerve cells able to conduct electrical impulses (AKA) that function as ____

A

action potentials

signals

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37
Q

Multipolar Neurons have many ____ or _____

( a___ and d ___) and a cell body ( aka )

A

poles or processes
axons and dendrites
soma

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38
Q

The cell body is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the ____

A

nucleus

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39
Q

the job of the cell body is to control all of the functions of the ___

A

neuron

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40
Q

this brings information into the neuron

A

dendrites

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41
Q

this sends information to other neurons, mm or gland cell

A

axon

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42
Q

branches of an axon that make synaptic connections with another nerve cell or with an effector cell

A

axon terminals

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43
Q

multipolar neurons that receive information from the input from thousands of cells via numerous branching dendrites

A

purkinje fibres

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44
Q

purkinje fibres reside in the

A

cerebellum

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45
Q

the cerebellum plays a fundamental role in coordinating ______ movement

A

motor

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46
Q

loss or damage to purkinje cells can give rise to certain several ______ diseases and ______

A

neurological and symptoms

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47
Q

during embryonic growth purkinje fibres can be permanently destroyed by exposure to alcohol ___aka___

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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48
Q

has one pole coming off the cell body

A

unipolar neuron

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49
Q

unipolar neuron is always attached to a ____ receptor at their _____ end

A

sensory

distal

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50
Q

cell body is part of a ____ _____ _____

A

dorsal root ganglion

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51
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve

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52
Q

A sensory receptor ( ___aka___ ) converts _____

A

organ

stimuli

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53
Q

example … pinching is a mechanical deformation, onto the skin which creates electrical impulses that are carrying incoming ( _____) signals into the CNS

A

afferent

54
Q

______ _______ detect skin stretch, monitor slippage of objects along the surface of the skin, allowing modulation of grip on an object

A

Ruffini terminals (endings)

55
Q

_____ _____ detect transient pressure and high-frequency vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles

56
Q

_____ _____ found under the ridges that form your fingerprints and are light touch receptors

A

Meissener’s corpuscles

57
Q

Ruffini terminals, Pacinian corpuscles and Meissener’s corpuscles are ….

A

Haptic receptors

58
Q

these neurons are not as common as a unipolar or multipolar neurons

A

Bipolar Neurons

59
Q

a notable example of a bipolar neuron is

A

The Von Economo Neuron

60
Q

The Von Economo Neuron is what spindle shape with a _____ shape? Not to be confused with muscle

A

fusiform shaped

61
Q

what does Fusiform mean?

A

it is a spindle like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends

62
Q

T/F

Bipolar neurons provide for rapid communication across the relatively large brains of great apes, elephants and cetaceans

A

True

63
Q

The site of communication bw/ two neurons

A

synapse

64
Q

the gap bw/ 2 neurons that the NT’s have to cross in order to continue the propagation of the action potential

A

synaptic cleft

65
Q

the chemical molecule that moves form one neuron to the next at the synapse

A

neurotransmitter

66
Q

a NT that plays a major role in reward- motivated behaviour is?

A

dopamine

67
Q

T/F

Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor systems

A

true

68
Q

a degenerative condition causing motor impairment and is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons

A

Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

a NT used at most synapses that are “modifiable” ie; capable of increasing or decreasing in strength

A

glutamate

70
Q

T/F

excessive glutamate release can overstimulate the brain and lead to excitotoxicity causing cell death resulting in seizures or strokes

A

True

71
Q

Excitotoxicity has been implicated in certain chronic diseases including these two known chronic diseases ….

A

epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease

72
Q

is a CNS disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior such as staring blankly for a few seconds or repeatedly twitch arms or legs.

A

Epilepsy

73
Q

T/F

Acetylcholine is a NT

A

True

74
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is mostly made up of a network of (how many) nerves that connect the CNS to the entire human body.

A

43 Nerves

75
Q

Nerves in the PNS control the functions of these 3 things. They are fragile and can be damaged easily.

A

sensation
movement
motor coordination

76
Q

The peripheral nerves consist of _____ and ____ nerves

A

cranial and spinal

77
Q

T/F

Cranial nerves are nerves that connect to the brain

A

True

78
Q

T/F

There are XV cranial nerves

A

false

XII

79
Q

The trigeminal nerve supplies sensations to the face and other structures of the head. It has 3 divisions

A

the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

80
Q

The mandibular division is also the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication which include the ____ and _____

A

massester and temporalis

81
Q

tic douloureux

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

82
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia is one of the most painful afflictions known. The typical form causes extreme, sporadic, sudden shock-like (paroxysmal) facial pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are distributed. The pain episodes last from a few seconds to as long as two minutes. These attacks can occur in quick succession lasting as long as two hours. Usually the precipitating cause is ______

A

Idiopathic

83
Q

The Accessory Nerve XI this nerve is motor to what two muscles?

A

(SCM) & Trapezius

84
Q

Patients with acquired torticollis (aka) present with the head twisted
to the affected side and the chin pointed toward the opposite shoulder.

A

wry neck

85
Q

T/F

The Facial Nerve VII is afferent to the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) glands and two salivary glands.

A

false

efferent

86
Q

T/F

Bell’s palsy is a form of flaccid paralysis of CN V

A

false

CN VII

87
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as

CN ____

A

CN VIII

88
Q

CN VIII of what two nerves

A

vestibular and cochlear nerves.

89
Q

The vestibular nerve is primarily responsible for

A

maintaining balance

90
Q

The cochlear nerve is responsible for

A

hearing

91
Q

The primary role of the vestibular system is….

A

to maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion.

92
Q

The vestibular system (aka)

A

inner ear balance mechanism

93
Q

Parkinson’s disease, a degenerative condition causing motor impairment, is caused by a loss of

A

dopamine-secreting neurons

94
Q

The CN ____ aka nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth, including speech.

A

CN X The Vagus Nerve

95
Q

T/F

The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs (except the adrenal glands), from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon.

A

True

96
Q

T/F

The vagus also controls a few skeletal muscles, including the mm. of the facial expression.

A

False

larynx

97
Q

Spinal nerves are

A

bundles of nerve fibers connected to the spinal cord

98
Q

All spinal nerves are

A

mixed nerves

99
Q

Mixed nerves carry

A

afferent and efferent signals

100
Q

This pressure disrupts the nerve’s function, causing pain, tingling, numbness or weakness. This is known as….

A

paraesthesia

101
Q

Three clinical Upper Limb Spinal Nerves

A

Ulnar, Median and Radial

102
Q

explain Ulnar nerve entrapment

A

at the elbow can occur when there is prolonged stretching of the nerve by keeping the elbow fully bent or when there is direct pressure on the nerve from leaning the elbow against a solid surface.

103
Q

explain entrapment at the medial wrist

A

can occur when there is direct pressure on the nerve by leaning on handlebars on the medial side of the palm during long bike rides or prolonged use of hand tools.
Repeated shifting can cause irritation of the ulnar nerve. The term “ulnar nerve instability” describes the chronic conditions of subluxation (dislocation) and relocation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow with flexion and extension.

104
Q

Recurrent subluxation of the nerve at the elbow results in

A

neuritis

105
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a result of

A

compression of the Median Nerve in the carpal tunnel.

106
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome often presents as

A

numbness and tingling in the thumb, index, middle and half of the ring finger.

107
Q

CTS usually starts off just at night and wakes people up or during specific activities. This can progress to constant numbness, wasting of the muscles and weakness of the _____ ______ if not treated early enough.

A

thenar eminence, refers to the group of muscles on the palm of the hand at the base of the thumb.

108
Q

The radial nerve’s innervates what?

A

extensor muscles of the wrist and digits.

109
Q

T/F

Those whose radial nerve function has been compromised cannot actively extend them

A

True

110
Q

Wrist drop is the disorder caused by

A

wrist and digit extensor muscle palsy. Think radial nerve

111
Q

Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of

A

paralysis, often accompanied by weakness and the loss of feeling

112
Q

________ makes up the largest portion of the brain and consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

The cerebrum

113
Q

Each hemisphere controls the ____ side of the body. Each cerebral hemisphere has ____ lobes. Each lobe is associated with various functions.

A

contralateral

4

114
Q

4 Lobes in Cerebrum

A

Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe

115
Q

Lobe involved in vision analyses

A

Occipital Lobe

116
Q

Lobe involved in sensory analyses of information from skin and muscles

A

Parietal Lobe

117
Q

Lobe involved in analyses of hearing

A

Temporal Lobe

118
Q

Lobe involved in skeletal muscle movement

A

Frontal Lobe

119
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

120
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglia

121
Q

a group of subcortical nuclei in the white matter of the frontal lobe. Their dysfunction results in a wide range of neurological problems. Movement disorders include, most notably Parkinson’s disease.

A

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei)

122
Q

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

Brainstem

123
Q

motor skills coordination

A

Cerebellum

124
Q

is produced with purposeful movement toward a target, such as lifting a finger to touch the nose. Typically, the ______ tremor will become worse as an individual gets closer to their target.

A

Intention tremor

125
Q

T/F

Transient intention tremors can be caused by stress, anxiety, fear, anger, caffeine, and fatigue

A

True

126
Q

has a major role in learning and long term memory located deep in the temporal lobe
damage can cause amnesia preventing people from forming new memories and
remembering past experiences

A

Hippocampus

127
Q

maintains the body’s homeostasis by controlling ANS and endocrine systems
• produces releasing and inhibiting hormone that effect the pituitary,
• the pituitary which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the
body

A

Hypothalamus

128
Q

relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

129
Q

a key component in the experience of bodily self- awareness, for example awareness of heartbeat, and
sense of body awareness and ownership (interoception).

A

Insula

130
Q

higher-level functions such as attention allocation, decision-making, impulse control (e.g., performance monitoring and error detection

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

131
Q

perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision making, and emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression)

A

Amygdala

132
Q

a group of brain structures that support a variety of functions including emotion. It includes the hypothalamus, insula, hippocampus and amygdala.

A

Limbic System

Neurology (5 decks)

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