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Cognitive PSYC 206 > Topic 3: memory > Flashcards

Topic 3: memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory- encoding, storage, retrieval

topics

A
  • controlled attention- working memory
  • vertical and horizontal organisation
  • working memory
  • types of long-term memory
  • memory errors
  • conceptual knowledge
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2
Q

where does controlled attention happen?

A

attention = maintaining information in working memory

working memory holds:

  • percieved objects
  • knowledge from past
  • current intentionality (goals)
  • innate conceptual knowledge
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3
Q

Vertical and horizontal organisation

A
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4
Q

vertical and horizontal organisation

functional (behaviourism)

structural (cognitivism)

A
  • horizontally and vertically involves competence-based domains
  • horizontally produces knowledge-based domains
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5
Q

Vertical, structuralist account

modal model

working memory

A

Each memory is defined by its won set of processes (competence)

In WM:

  • limited capacity and attention is critical
  • repetetive (rote) rehearsal for maintanence
  • elaborative rehearsal (chunking, transfer to LTM)
  • code determined by task & rehearsal
  • loss
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6
Q

Vertical, structuralist account- modal model

memory loss

A
  • decay or interference?
  • proactive interference (info beforehand impacts target)
  • retroactive interference (info after impacts on target)

interference effects determined by competing code (e.g. reduce retroactive interference on a verbal task by following it with a nonverbal task)

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7
Q

Vertical, structuralist account

Long-term memory

A
  • if information is not transferred, or otherwise registered in LTM, it is lost
  • code- determined at time of transfer, usually conceptual
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8
Q

Vertical, functionalist account

levels of processing theory

A

one memory with common processes

  • focus is on what is done to info in the course of processing (dont worry about stages)
  • levels of processing theory (see pic, each is a different level of processing)
    • self-relevence
    • semantic
    • phonemical
    • structural
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9
Q

Evidence for levels of processing theory

(vertical organisation, functionalist account)

A

evidence:

  • capacity limits (e.g., 7+/-2), coincides with functional theory of finite energy available
  • time-based retrieval effects (e.g. recall curve) coincides with functional theory that the longer the time, more processing and interference from neighbours
  • duration, coincides with funcitonal theory of competing sets of activation emerge over time
  • discrete and systematic breakdown (e.g amnesia), coincides with functional theory of attempts being made to lesion a neural network

distinctive and organised encoding leads to successful retrieval; the role of elaborative rehearsal

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10
Q

Working memory

A

past measures reflect the assumption of unitary

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11
Q

measures of passive span (storage only) WM

A

passive span = storage only

mnemonists can hold more information, but same number of chunks

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12
Q

measure of active span WM

A

active span = process and storage

  • Daneman and carpenter reading span task (see pic)
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13
Q

Measures of active span (storage and process) plus more than one measure

A
  • Engle & Tuholski Enumeration task
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14
Q

cognitive inhibition

A

ability to focus on one thing at the expense of others

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15
Q

Flanker task

A
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16
Q

Properties of working memory

A
  • speed
  • span
  • controlled attention
  • cognitive inhibition
  • long-term working memory (past experience can influence working memory/ what infro can get into WM)
17
Q

Non-unitary approaches of WM

Structuralist model

A

consists of:

  • central executive
    • phonological loop
    • episodic buffer
    • other sub-systems
    • visuo-spatial sketchpad
      • visual
      • spatial
18
Q

central executive of WM

A
  • structuralist (cognitivist) model
  • non-unitary model
    • cognitive inhibition
    • focused (controlled) attention
    • updating/ monitering during acts of reasoning
    • coordination in dual tasks

would appear to be complex

19
Q

phonolgical (articulatory) loop of WM

properties

A
  • structuralist model/ non-unitary

properties include:

  • phonolgical similarity effect (similar things interfere with each other)
  • unnattended speech effect (vocal tract vs. non-vocal tract)
  • word length effect (span size determined by articulation time, 2.5 seconds)
  • articulatory suppression (negates phonological effects for visual input)
20
Q

visual-spatial skecthpad

episodic buffer

(WM)

A
  • structuralist account, non-unitary

visual-spatial sketchpad

  • storage and manipulation of visual patterns
  • navigating our way through space

episodic buffer

  • integrates info from many different sources; creating scenes/ episodes
  • capable fo dealing with different codes
21
Q

retrieval from LTM (episodic)

A
  • memory for events that are spatially or temporally marked
  • more the encoding context is recreated at retrieval, the more syccesful will be retrieval (encoding specificity theory)
22
Q

two memory systems

A

episodic memory:

  • encoding specificity principle (focus on content)
  • transfer appropriate processing (focus on process)
  • state dependent learning and memory (critical context is the psychological and physical context)

semantic memory

​

23
Q

measures of explicit memory (declarative information)

A

familiarity involves semantic and episodic but mainly episodic

  • recall (source + familiarity)
  • recognition (source + familiarity)
  • know (familiarity)
24
Q

implicit memory

measure

structure

A

implicit memory, structurally different type of memory?

  • different retrieval profile
  • different developmental profile
  • anterograde amnesia
  • may underlie skill acquisition, implicating procedural memories (the mor eyou elaborate on info the easier it is to retrieve)
25
Q

amnesia types

hyperthymesia

A
  • retrograde amnesia
  • anterograde amnesia
    • both appear to disrupt explicit memory, leaving implicit memory intact
    • brain structures are implicated (hippocampus)
  • hyperthymesia (super memory)
26
Q

horizontal organisation

multiple memory systems

A
  • structuralist account
  • evidence for different processes, organisation and content
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
    • explicit (declarative)
      • facts (semantic)
      • events (episodic)
    • implicit (non-declarative)
      • skills
      • priming
      • classical and operant conditioning
      • nonassociative learning
27
Q

memory errors

simple and complex inference

A

memory errors can happen through inference

  • simple inference- registering change in the sensory environment (change blindness)
  • complex inference- pre-existing knowledge is critical in
    • interpretation of an event (encoding)
    • memory generation (retrieval)
28
Q

memory errors

source errors

A
  • Deese- Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (see pic)
  • filling in the gaps on the basis of gist (can happen at encoding or retrieval)
29
Q

memory errors

memory generation errors

basis of misinformation effect

A
  • misinformation effect (retroactive interference)

Basis of the effect:

  • direct change to memory trace (overwriting) or,
  • reduction in accessibility (misinformation acceptance) or,
  • competing candidates (source confusion)

false memory or repressed memory

30
Q

fasle memories are identical to valid memories in terms of:

A
  • confidence
  • detail
  • response and speed
  • feeling of remembering and knowing
  • sodium amytal
31
Q

Organisation of semantic memory

A
  • logical (taxenomic) attempt
  • the further away from one category you are the longer it takes to recognise it
32
Q

long term memory

dominant paradigm of associationist

A

dominant paradigm is associationist

  • spreading activation (priming, free association)
  • also explains semantic distance (similarity and typicality), in terms of frequency and co-occurance
    • strenght of connection reflects frequency of co-occurance

Alternative:

  • defining properties in semantic memory, characteristic properties in episodic memory
33
Q

Conceptual knowledge

simple concepts

complex concepts

A

simple concepts

  • innate
  • transducers, more?

complex concepts (see pic)

  • experiential
  • collection of simple concepts but defined by
    • necessary set of simple concepts
    • an abstract prototype
    • familiarity of instances
    • family of instances
    • theory
34
Q

basic level categories

A
  • dogs has optimal salience
  • corrsiponds with first words

Cognitive PSYC 206 (6 decks)

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