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IB Biology > Topic 3: Life's elements, water, and organic chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 3: Life's elements, water, and organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the top 4 elements?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon

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2
Q

Why are HONC the top 4 elements?

A

Because they are the main elements found in organic molecules in organisms.

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3
Q

Why are chemical bonds necessary?

A

Because elements bond in order to be stable, stable meaning having a full valence energy level.

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

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5
Q

What are three types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen.

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6
Q

The type of bond formed is due to what?

A

Electronegativity: attraction for electrons of the atoms involved.

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7
Q

Describe Ionic bonding.

A

One atom strips valence electrons away from another atom (due to high electronegativity difference). Electron transfer creates ions (charged atoms).

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8
Q

What are the two types of ions?

A

Cation (positive ion) and anion (negative ion).

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9
Q

What is an example of ionic bonding?

A

Salts (sodium chloride)

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10
Q

Describe covalent bonding.

A

Sharing pair of valence electrons. Number of electrons required to complete an atom’s valence shell determines how many bonds will form.

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11
Q

What is an example of covalent bonding?

A

Hydrogen and oxygen bonding in water, bonding in organic molecules.

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12
Q

Define molecule.

A

When elements covalently bonded.

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13
Q

What is nonpolar covalent and an example of it?

A

Nonpolar covalent: electrons shared equally.

Ex: O2, C-H bonds.

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14
Q

What is polar covalent and an example of it?

A

Polar covalent: one atom more electronegative than the other (creates partial charges).
Ex: water

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15
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond.

A

Attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and a partially negative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) of another polar molecule.

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16
Q

What are water’s properties due to?

A

Due to its polarity and the resultant of hydrogen bonds.

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17
Q

What are the thermal properties of water?

A

High Specific heat: amount of heat absorbed or lost to change temperature by 1 degree Celsius (water=1cal/g/degree C).
High Heat of vaporization: quantity of heat required to convert 1g from liquid to gas states. (Evaporative cooling/sweat).
High boiling point: 100 degrees Celsius

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18
Q

Explain water’s cohesive properties.

A

Cohesion: H bonds holding water molecules together.

Surface tension: measurement of the difficulty to break or stretch the surface of a liquid.

19
Q

Describe water’s solvent properties.

A

Water is a very good solvent (sometimes called the “universal solvent”).

20
Q

What is a solution?

A

A completely homogenous mixture.

21
Q

What is sodium chloride’s mode of transport?

A

Dissolved in plasma (ions).

22
Q

What are amino acids’ mode of transport?

A

Dissolved in plasma (sufficient solubility due to charged regions)

23
Q

What is glucose’s mode of transport?

A

Dissolved in plasma (polar)

24
Q

What is oxygen gas’ mode of transport?

A

Carried by hemoglobin (nonpolar)

25
Q

What are fats’ mode of transport?

A

Transported in lipoprotein complexes (nonpolar)

26
Q

What is cholesterol’s mode of transport?

A

Transported in lipoprotein complexes (nonpolar)

27
Q

Modes of transport in blood depends on what?

A

Solubility

28
Q

Describe water’s adhesion property.

A

Adhesion: H bonds holding molecules to another substance (water droplets hanging onto a leaf)

29
Q

Describe water’s density properties.

A

Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid due to hydrogen bonding. e

30
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

Making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to the changes in the composition of matter.

31
Q

Acid does what to the hydrogen concentration of a solution?

A

Increases it.

32
Q

Base does what to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

A

Reduces it.

33
Q

What is the focus of molecular biology?

A

To explain living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved.

34
Q

What is vitalism?

A

Vitalism is the belief that living organisms possess a non-physical inner force or energy that gives them the property of life. It was thought that organic compounds could NOT be produces without this vital force.

35
Q

What helped to falsify vitalism?

A

The artificial synthesis of urea (1828 urea an organic compound produced in the liver was first synthesized artificially)

36
Q

What does organic mean?

A

Organic = carbon compounds that are found in living organisms. Almost all carbon compounds are organic.

37
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

Inorganic = all compounds that do NOT contain carbon and CO2, carbonates, bicarbonates.

38
Q

Why is carbon so important?

A

Carbon is tetravalent (can form four covalent bonds). This allows it to produce a great variety of stable organic compounds.

39
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism.

40
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules. (Ana=and, so synthesis)

41
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules (cata=cut, so breakdown)

42
Q

What are polymers?

A

Covalent bonding of monomers. Formed through condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis).

43
Q

Describe the process of condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis).

A

One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hyrdrogen to form a water molecule.

44
Q

What happens in Hydrolysis?

A

Bonds between monomers are BROKEN by adding water (digestion).

IB Biology (4 decks)

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