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IB Biology > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the importance of proteins?

A

They have a very wide range of functions. Each one has a complex three deimensional shape (conformation)

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2
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Consists of 4 parts surrounding a central carbon: amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), H atom, and a variable group (R).

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3
Q

What does the variable group do in an amino acid?

A

Determines the amino acid properties (Ex. polar (hydrophylic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acid or base.

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4
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A

Formed by condensation reaction.

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5
Q

What is the importance of the primary structure in a protein?

A

Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids. This sequence will determine the 3-D conformation.

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6
Q

Describe the secondary structure.

A

Coils and folds (due to hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along molecule)

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7
Q

Describe the tertiary structure.

A

Overall 3-D shape (conformation) of polypeptide.

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8
Q

Contortions in tertiary structure from R group bonding are due to what?

A

Hydrophobic interactions (nonpolar side chains), disulfide bridges (strong covalent bonds between sulfhydryls of cysteine), hydrogen bonds (between polar side chains), and ionic bonds (charged side chains).

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9
Q

Describe quaternary structure.

A

2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule.

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10
Q

What are the general functions of a protein?

A

Structural, transport, muscle contraction, defense, cell adhesion, tensile strengthening, DNA packaging, hormones, receptors, catalysis (enzymes).

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11
Q

What is the function of the protein Rubisco?

A

Carbon fixation during photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the function of the protein Insulin?

A

Hormone that regulates blood sugar by signaling glucose uptake by cells.

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13
Q

What is the function of the protein Immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies - specific immunity

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14
Q

What is the function of the protein Rhodopsin?

A

Pigment that absorbs light in rod cells of retina.

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15
Q

What is the function of the protein Collagen?

A

Forms a strong mesh of fibers in body (in skin, blood vessel walls, ligaments, bones, etc.)

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16
Q

What is the function of the protein spider silk?

A

Strong fibers for forming webs.

17
Q

What is proteome?

A

All the proteins produced by a cell, tissue or organism at a given time. Every individual has a unique proteome.

18
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalystic proteins that change the rate of reactions without being consumed. Enzymes lower activation energy.

19
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy necessary to start a reaction. (The energy required to break bonds in reactants).

20
Q

What is a substrate?

A

An enzyme reactant.

21
Q

What is an active site?

A

A pocket or groove on an enzyme that binds to substrate (i.e. the spot on the enzyme where the reaction occurs).

22
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Enzyme and substrate fit together, but enzyme conforms to substrate.

23
Q

What is one function of enzymes in regards to metabolism?

A

Enzymes control metabolic pathways.

24
Q

What can affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, and Substrate concentration.

25
Q

What is denaturation?

A

A structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties.

26
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

Something that compeste for the active site, mimics the substrate.

27
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Something that binds to another part of an enzyme (allosteric site) altering its conformation (shape).

28
Q

What is end product inhibition (aka feedback inhibition

)?

A

The end product of a pathway that acts as an inhibitor for an enzyme in the pathway, thus slowing it down. Can control metabolic pathways.

IB Biology (4 decks)

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