Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

What are used to supply and store energy?

Answer 1

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Specifically carbohydrates and lipids.

Question 2

What is the empirical formula of monosaccharides?

Answer 2

CH2O

Question 3

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 3

Glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), galactose, and ribose (structural component in RNA).

Question 4

What is the importance of monosaccharides?

Answer 4

They are produced by photosynthesis, they are used in cellular respiration to make energy, involved in energy storage and release, and are also used to build structures.

Question 5

What is the formula for dissaccharides?

Answer 5

C12H22O11

Question 6

How is the covalend bond between two monosaccharides made in order to form dissacharides?

Answer 6

Condensation synthesis.

Question 7

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 7

Sucrose (glucose and fructose), maltose (glucose and glucose), and lactose (glucose and galactose)

Question 8

What is the function and structure of starch?

Answer 8

Function: Energy storage in plants.
Structure: chain of alpha glucose with same bond orientation.

Question 9

What is the function and structure of glycogen

Answer 9

Function: energy storage in animals (especially in liver and muscles).
Structure: more highly branched alpha glucose.

Question 10

What is the function of cellulose?

Answer 10

Function: structural material (plant cell walls).
Structure: chain of beta glucose with alternating bond orientations (gives strength to build strong cell walls).

Question 11

What are some examples of lipids?

Answer 11

Fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes are examples of lipids.

Question 12

What is the structure of lipids?

Answer 12

1 Glycerol condensed with 3 fatty acids.

Question 13

Would lipids dissolve well in water?

Answer 13

No, because all lipids are HYDROPHOBIC.

Question 14

What are the two types of fatty acids?

Answer 14

Saturated and unsaturated.

Question 15

Describe a saturated fatty acid.

Answer 15

Single bonds between all carbons in fatty acid (i.e. saturated with hydrogen)

Question 16

Describe a unsaturated fatty acid (aka oils).

Answer 16

Contain double bonds between carbons in fatty acid. Monunsaturated have only one double bond, polyunsaturated have more than one double bond.

Question 17

What are cis unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 17

Cis = hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. Act as a typical natural isomer and bend in fatty acid (liquid at room temp)

Question 18

What are trans unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 18

Trans = hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond. They are produced by artificial partial hydrogenation of oils and do not bend in fatty acid (solid at room temp).

Question 19

What are the purpose of fats?

Answer 19

Energy storage, organ cushioning, and thermal insulation.

Question 20

What are some properties of carbohydrates?

Answer 20

Short term storage, easier to digest (more rapid energy release), and soluble in water (easier to transport in blood etc.)

Question 21

What are some properties of lipids?

Answer 21

Long term storage, more energy per gram (lighter energy storage), insoluble in water so they do not cause problems with osmosis.

Question 22

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Answer 22

Structure is same as fat except 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol.

Question 23

What are steroids?

Answer 23

Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings. An example would be cholesterol. They are used in cell membranes and precursors for other steroids