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Biology Core > Topic 3 - Inter-relationships > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Inter-relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe a depressant

A

They decrease the activity of the Brain and slow down responses of the nervous system causing slow reactions and poor judgement of speed and distances.

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2
Q

Describe a stimulant

A

They increase the activity of the brain by increasing the amount of neurotransmitters at some neurone synapses which increases the speed of reactions and makes you feel more alert and awake

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3
Q

Describe painkillers

A

They decrease the feeling of pain. Work in different ways

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4
Q

Describe how morphine works as a pain killer

A

It blocks the nerve impulses in the brain

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5
Q

Reaction time is

A

How quickly you repairs to a stimulus

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6
Q

Why is smoking Tobacco harmful?

A
  • contains carbon monoxide which combines with Haemoglobin in the red blood cells and means the blood can carry less oxygen
  • contains carcinogens which are chemicals that can lead to cancer
  • it’s addictive
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7
Q

How can alcohol affect you in the short term?

A
  • slows down your reactions (depressant)

- being drunk leads to blurred vision and can also lower inhibitions

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8
Q

How can alcohol affect you in the long term?

A
  • it’s poisonous, drinking too much causes the death of liver cells which forms scar tissue echo h can start to block blood flow through the liver (cirrhosis) The liver is responsible for cleaning the blood
  • too much drinking can lead to brain damage
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9
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microbes that cause disease

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10
Q

What are the different ways pathogens can be spread?

A
  • water (bathing in or drinking dirty water)
  • food (eating contaminated food)
  • air (airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets produced when you cough or sneeze)
  • contact (touching contaminated surfaces)
  • body fluids (blood, breast milk, semen)
  • animal vectors (vectors are animals that spread diseases eg mosquitos)
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11
Q

What physical barriers stop pathogens entering the body?

A
  • the skin (if it gets damaged blood clots seal cuts and keep micro organisms out)
  • the respiratory system (the respiratory tract is lined with mucus which catches dust and bacteria before it enters the lungs and cilia which push the mucus away from the lungs)
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12
Q

What chemical barriers stop pathogens from entering the body ?

A
  • the eyes (produce lysozyme which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye)
  • the stomach (hydrochloride acid kills bacteria)
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13
Q

When plants are attacked by pathogens they

A

Can produce chemicals to defend themselves

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14
Q

Antiseptics are:

A
  • used outside the body
  • clean wounds and surfaces
  • used in household products
  • used in hospitals
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15
Q

Antibiotics are:

A
  • used inside the body
  • used to treat patents infected with bacteria or fungi
  • don’t destroy viruses
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16
Q

What are the two different types of antibiotics and how do they work?

A 
Antibacterial
- used to treat bacterial infections 
- kill bacteria or stop them from growing
- bacteria can evolve resistance
Antifungals
- used to treat fungal infections
- kill fungi or stop them from growing
17
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics ?

A
  • bacteria can mutate to be resistant to antibiotics
  • this means when treating an infection only the non-resistant bacteria will be killed- the resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce and the population of resistant bacteria will increase
18
Q

Why is some energy lost in the food chain?

A

Energy is used up at each stage in things like respiration or lost to surrounding as heat
It’s also lost as droppings

19
Q

Pyramids of biomass show

A

Weight -shows how much the creatures of a food chain would weigh if you put them together

20
Q

Parasites :

A

Live in or on a host and take what they need to survive without giving anything back

21
Q

What are some examples of parasites?

A

Fleas, head lice, tapeworms, mistletoe

22
Q

A mutualistic relationship is where:

A

Both organisms benefit

23
Q

What are some examples of a mutualistic relationship?

A 
Oxpeckers (live on the backs of buffalo and eat pests and also alert animal to any predators near)
Cleaner fish (eat dead skin and parasites of larger fish, get food and don't get eaten by the big fish)
Nitrogen Fixing bacteria in legumes (bacteria get constant supply of sugar and plant gets essential nitrates)
Chemosynthetic bacteria in deep sea vents (live in tube worms, get given chemicals from host that they ten into food for themselves and the host)
24
Q

Why is the population increasing so quickly?

A
  • modern medicine

- modern farming methods

25
Q

What are potential problems of the quickly growing population?

A
  • raw materials are being rapidly used up
  • more waste is being produced
  • more pollutants are being produced
26
Q

Describe eutrophication

A
  • excess nitrate washed into river which causes rapid growth of algae
  • plants start dying due to competition for light
  • microbe numbers increase as they feed on the dead material
  • microbes use up all the oxygen and fish and other aquatic animals suffocate
27
Q

What are some examples of recyclable materials?

A
  • metals
  • paper
  • plastics
28
Q

What are some problems with recycling ?

A
  • it still uses energy
  • some materials can be difficult and time consuming to sort out
  • the equipment need can be expensive
  • sometimes the quality of recycled products isn’t as good as new materials
  • some materials can only be recycled a limited number of times
29
Q

What are indicator species for water pollution ?

A
  • if raw sewage containing nitrates are released into a river the bacterial population increases and uses up the oxygen
  • stonefly large and freshwater shrimp are sensitive to the concentration of oxygen (if they’re present it indicated the water is clean)
  • blood worms and sludge worms have adapted to live in polluted condition (if they’re present it indicates a very high level of water pollution)
30
Q

What is a indicator species ?

A

Organisms that are very sensitive to changes in their environment and can be studied to see the effect of human activities

31
Q

What are indicator species of air pollution?

A
  • lichen are very sensitive to the concentration of sulfur dioxide, the number and type of lichen inidicates how clean the air is (clean air = lots of lichens)
  • black spot fungus (present indicates clean air)
32
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A
  • the only thing that removed co2 from the atmosphere is photosynthesis
  • eating passed the carbon compounds in the plant along to animals in a food chain or web
  • respiration puts co2 back into the atmosphere
  • plants and animals eventually die and decay
  • when they decay they’re broken down by bacteria or fungi which release co2 back into the air by respiration
  • fossil fuels made by decayed plants and animal matter are burned which released co2 back into the air
33
Q

Describe the nitrogen cycle

A
  • nitrate is very Unreactive and can’t be used directly by plants or animals
  • nitrogen is needed to make proteins for growing
  • nitrogen from the air has to be turned into nitrogen compounds (plants absorb nitrates from the soil, animals have to eat it)
  • decomposers in the soil break down dead plants and animals, decomposed bacteria turn proteins and urea into ammonia
  • nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates
  • nitrogen fixation is the process of turning nitrogen into nitrogen compounds in the soil which plants can use, the two main ways of this are by lightening (so much energy that it’s enough to make nitrogen react with oxygen in the air to give nitrates) and nitrogen fixing banter in roots and soil
34
Q

What are the four different types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle ?

A
  • decomposers bacteria (decompress proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia)
  • nitrifying bacteria (turn ammonia in decaying matter into nitrates)
  • nitrogen fixing bacteria (turn atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use)
  • denitrifying bacteria (turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas, no benefit to living organisms)
35
Q

Describe the first phase of the earths atmosphere

A
  • the earths surface was originally molten, it was so hot that any atmosphere just boiled away into space
  • eventually it cooled and a thin crust formed but volcanoes kept erupting
  • the volcanoes have out lots of gas including carbon dioxide and water vapour which is thought to be how the oceans and atmosphere were formed
  • according to this theory the early atmosphere was mostly co2 (similar to Mars and Venus today)
  • the oceans formed when the water vapour condensed
36
Q

Describe phase 3 of the earths atmosphere

A
  • the build up of oxygen killed off some early organisms that couldn’t tolerate it but allowed more complex organisms to evolve
  • the oxygen created the ozone layer which blocked harmful rays from the sun and enabled more complex organisms to evolve
  • there is very little co2 left now
37
Q

Drugs are chemical substances that

A

Affect the central nervous system

Biology Core (3 decks)

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