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Biology Core > Topic 1 - Variation > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Variation Flashcards

1
Q

List the main features of a plant

A

Contain chlorophyll, autotrophs, multicellular, rigid cell walls

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2
Q

List the main features of fungi

A

Saprophytes, multicellular, cell wall but don’t contain chlorophyll

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3
Q

List the main features of animals

A

Heterotrophs, multicellular, don’t have a cell wall or chlorophyll

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4
Q

List the main features of protoctists

A

Unicellular, nucleus

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5
Q

List the main features of prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, don’t have a nucleus

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6
Q

What are the 7 groups that kingdoms are subdivided into ?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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7
Q

What’s the difference between a vertebrate and an invertebrate?

A

Vertebrates have a backbone and an internal skeleton but an invertebrate doesn’t

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8
Q

What are the five groups vertebrates are put into?

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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9
Q

What are the three main things vertebrates are grouped on

A

How they absorb oxygen, how they reproduce, how they regulate their internal body temperature

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10
Q

What different ways can vertebrates absorb oxygen?

A

Through lungs, gills or skin

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11
Q

What are the five kingdoms living things are grouped into?

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protoctists and protokaryotes

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12
Q

Define oviparous and viviparous

A

Oviparous - lays eggs

Viviparous -give birth to live young which are fed milk by the mother

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13
Q

What are the different ways vertebrates reproduce?

A

Internal and external fertilisation

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14
Q

Define homeothermic

A

Body temperature is kept constant by homeostasis

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15
Q

What is a ‘cold-blooded’ animal called?

A

Piokilothermic

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16
Q

Define a poikilotherm

A

A organism that changes its body temperature with the external temperature

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17
Q

Name an example of an organism that is hard to be placed in any kingdom and why

A

Virus. A virus is thought to be non living.

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18
Q

Organisms are the same species if:

A

They can interbreed to produce fertile offspring however some organisms reproduce asexually

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19
Q

If a male from one species breeds with a female from a second species you’ll get:

A

A hybrid

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20
Q

Can hybrids be fertile ? What’s an example?

A

Yes, ducks can interfered to produce fertile offspring

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21
Q

Species can have

A

Variation e.g breeds of dogs look different but they’re still the same species

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22
Q

A ring species is

A

A group of related populations that live in neighbouring areas. Populations that live next to each other can interbreed but populations that live further apart can’t.

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23
Q

The binomial system is

A

A two part Latin name given to a species. The first part is genus and the second part is species.

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24
Q

Why is the binomial system useful?

A

Helps to identify species as common names mean different things in different places. Helps to study species; identifying and naming makes it easier to share information. Conserve species: if alter species look similar they may be confused as the same even though one is different which could mean that only one species is protected. Targeting conservation efforts: we can protect areas that have a great variety of different species eg tropical rainforests

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25
Q

What is a key

A

A series of questions that can be used to figure out what an unknown organism is

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26
Q

Define Chordata

A

Animals that have a supporting rodlike structure that goes up the back of the body

27
Q

Different genes cause

A

Genetic variation

28
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

An organism characteristic are based on the genes inherited from its parents. Most animals get some genes from the mother and some from the father. This combing of genes from two parents causes genetic variation which is why no two of the species are genetically identical. It can also be caused by mutations.

29
Q

Environmental factors that cause variation include:

A

Diet, exercise, temperature, light level and amount of water

30
Q

What are some examples of characteristics caused by both genes and the environment.

A

Body weight, height, skin colour, condition of teeth, academic or athletic skills

31
Q

What is continuous variation? Give an example

A

Continuous variation is when the individuals in a population vary within a range with no distinct categories e.g humans can be any height within a range not just short or tall

32
Q

A graph of continuous variation has a

A

Normal distribution curve

33
Q

What is discontinuous variation ? Give an example

A

Discontinuous variation is when there are two or more distinct categories where each individual falls into only one of these categories eg blood groups

34
Q

How have some organisms adapted to live in the deep sea?

A
  • Some deep sea fish can emit light from parts f their bodies
  • Deep sea fish often have huge mouths to aid them in scooping up food
  • Deep sea fish often have huge eyes adapted to the dark and long feelers to help them locate prey
35
Q

Give an example f a deep sea organism that’s adapted to its environment

A

Angler fish - rod shaped spine which sticks out of it s which give off light to attract prey
Rat tail fish - huge mouth to help scoop up food particles from seabed

36
Q

How are organisms in volcanic vents adopted to their environment ?

A
  • Chemicals from the vent support bacteria that make their own food using chemical energy (chemosynthesis)
  • Animals feed off of this bacteria
  • Bacteria has adapted to cope with high temperatures and pressures
37
Q

How have organisms in the polar region adapted to the cold?

A

Polar bears - compact shape (smaller surface area = reduced heat loss), thick layer of blubber for insulation or merry store when food is scarce, thick hairy coats that trap a layer of warm air next to the skin, greasy fit sheds water to prevent cooling due to evaporation, big feet to spread weight which stops sinking in snow it breaking ice, White for for camouflage.
Penguins - thick layer of insulating fat, oily feathers to shed water, huddle together to conserve heat, streamlined body to reduce water resistance.

38
Q

Define evolution

A

A slow and continuous change of organisms from one generation to the next.

39
Q

What is the theory of evolution ?

A
  • Individuals are not all the same because of differences in their genes so there is variation within populations of organisms
  • most organisms give birth to more young than can survive to adulthood
  • populations don’t generally increase in size as individuals have to compete with each other for resources in limited supply
  • individuals with characteristics that make them better adapted have a better chance of surviving and therefore are more likely to breed
  • So the genes for the useful characteristics are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
  • some individual will be less well adapted and less able to compete and therefore less likely to survive/reproduce
  • over time there will be a higher proportion individuals with beneficial characteristics compared to poorly adapted characteristics so eventually the poor characteristic may be lost.
40
Q

What is evidence to support evolution?

A

DNA research - the theory of evolution suggests that all organisms evicted form shared common ancestors. Closely related species diverted more recently. Evolution is caused by gradual changes in DNA. So organisms that diverged away from each other more recently should have similar DNA. This is exactly what scientists have found.
Resistant organisms - the poison warfarin was used to kill rats. A certain gene gives rats resistance to warfarin, these rats are more likely to survive and breed. Now there are rat populations that are warfarin resistant.

41
Q

Define a diverged species

A

A species that has evolved to become a different species

42
Q

What are the scientific communities thoughts on the evolution theory?

A

They accept the theory, they’ve shared and discussed the evidence to ensure it is valid and reliable

43
Q

How do the scientific community check somethings reliability/validity

A

Scientist publish their work in scientific journals so if other scientist can repeat the experiment using the same method and get the same results, they can be confident that the evidence is reliable. Before scientists publish their work it has to have a peer review. This is when other scientists read and review the work to check its calif and that the experiments have been carried out to the highest possible standards. Scientific conferences are meetings that scientists attend to present and discuss/share their work

44
Q

Speciation is

A

The development of a new species

45
Q

Speciation occurs when

A

Populations of the same species become so different they can no longer breeding get her to produce fertile offspring

46
Q

Describe how speciation occurs

A

Isolation - populations are separate because of physical barriers eg floods or earthquakes can cause barriers that geographically isolate some individuals from the main population.
Conditions on either side f the barrier will be different et different climates. Different environments mean different characteristics will become more common because of natural selection. Eventually they will change so much they won’t be able to breed to c relate fertile offspring.

47
Q

The nucleus contains

A

Your genetic material - chromosomes

48
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human nucleus contain?

A

23

49
Q

Chromosomes are..

A

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

50
Q

A gene is

A

A short section of DNA

51
Q

The same gene can have

A

Different versions

52
Q

Different versions of the same gene are called

A

Alleles

53
Q

Genes control

A

The development of different characteristics

54
Q

Speciation is

A

The development of a new species

55
Q

Speciation occurs when

A

Populations of the same species become so different they can no longer breeding get her to produce fertile offspring

56
Q

Describe how speciation occurs

A

Isolation - populations are separate because of physical barriers eg floods or earthquakes can cause barriers that geographically isolate some individuals from the main population.
Conditions on either side f the barrier will be different et different climates. Different environments mean different characteristics will become more common because of natural selection. Eventually they will change so much they won’t be able to breed to c relate fertile offspring.

57
Q

The nucleus contains

A

Your genetic material - chromosomes

58
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human nucleus contain?

A

23

59
Q

Chromosomes are..

A

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

60
Q

A gene is

A

A short section of DNA

61
Q

The same gene can have

A

Different versions

62
Q

Different versions of the same gene are called

A

Alleles

63
Q

Genes control

A

The development of different characteristics

Biology Core (3 decks)

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