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Biology Core > Topic 2 - Responding To Change > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Responding To Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Osmoregulation is

A

Regulating water content.

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2
Q

Thermoregulation is

A

Regulating body temperature

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3
Q

What is another example of homeostasis?

A

Blood glucose regulation

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4
Q

Body temperature is controlled by

A

The hypothalamus

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5
Q

The enzymes in the human body work best at

A

37 C

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6
Q

The hypothalamus contains

A

Receptors that are sensitive to blood temperature in the brain

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7
Q

The hypothalamus is found

A

In the brain

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8
Q

The hypothalamus relieves

A

Impulses from receptors in the skin providing information about the skin temperatures

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9
Q

What happens when your body temperature is too high

A
  • Erector muscles relax so the hairs lie flat
  • Sweat is produced as when it evaporates it transfers heat from your skin to the environment
  • Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin dilate.!This allows more blood to flow near the surface and transfer more heat to the surroundings
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10
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When blood vessels near the skins surface dilate to allow more blood to flow near the surface and transfer more heat into the surroundings.

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11
Q

What happens when your body temperature is too cold

A
  • The erector muscles contract to make hairs stand on end so they can trap an insulating layer of hair
  • Very little sweat is produced
  • Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict so less blood flows near the surface and less heat is transferred to the surroundings
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12
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When blood vessels near the surface constrict so that less blood can flow near the surface and less heat is transferred to the surroundings

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13
Q

Hormone are

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood to activate target cells

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14
Q

Hormones are produced in

A

Endocrine glands

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15
Q

Hormones are released

A

Directly into the blood

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16
Q

Hormones travel

A

All over the body but they only affect particular cells

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17
Q

Cells that have been affected by hormones are

A

Target cells that have the right receptors to respond to that hormone

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18
Q

How fast do hormones travel

A

At the speed of blood

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19
Q

Hormones have _________ effects

A

Long lasting

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20
Q

Neurones :

A

Transmit information around the body as electrical impulses

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21
Q

Describe the structure of a neurone

A
  • branched endings called dendrins so they can connect with lots of other neurones
  • Axon - where the electrical impulse is passed along
  • Myelin sheath along the axon that acts as an electrical insulator to stop impulse getting lost and speeds it up
  • Long to speed up impulse as connecting with another neurone slows impulse down so one long neurone is quicker that lots of short ones joined together
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22
Q

The connection between two neurones is called

A

A synapse

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23
Q

Describe a synapse

A
  • the nerve impulse is transmitted by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap
  • the neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical impulse in the next neurone
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24
Q

Describe the differences between hormones and nerves

A

Nerves - fast message, act for very short time, act on precise area, electrical message
Hormones A slower message, act for a long time, act in a more general way, chemical message

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25
Q

A stimulus is

A

A change in your environment that you may need to react to

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26
Q

Sense organs contain different

A

Receptors

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27
Q

Receptors are

A

Groups of cells that are sensitive to stimulus energy - they change stimulus energy into electrical impulses

28
Q

Describe the central nervous systems response to a stimulus

A
  1. Stimulus is detected by receptors in a sense organ and the information is sent as electrical impulses along sensory neurones to the central nervous system
  2. The central nervous system consists of the brains and the spinal cord
  3. The CNS coordinates the response
  4. The CNS sends information to an effector along a motor neurone
  5. The effector responds
29
Q

What are the effectors?

A

Muscles and glands

30
Q

Reflexes are

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli that reduce the chances of being injured

31
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A
  1. The neurones in reflex arcs go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain
  2. When a stimulus is detected by receptors impulses are sent along the sensory neurone to the CNS
  3. In the CNS the sensory neurone passes on the message to a relay neurone
  4. Relay neurones relay the impulses to a motor neurone
  5. The impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector
  6. The effector then reacts. This is quicker than normal responses as you don’t have to think about the response.
32
Q

Blood glucose level too high=

A

Insulin is added

33
Q

Homeostasis is

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

34
Q

Blood glucose level too low =

A

Glucagon is added

35
Q

Insulin is secreted by

A

The pancreas

36
Q

Glucose is removed by

A

The liver

37
Q

Insulin makes the liver :

A

Turn glucose into glycogen

38
Q

Glucagon is secreted by

A

The pancreas

39
Q

Glucose is added by

A

The liver

40
Q

Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into

A

Glucose

41
Q

Type 1 diabetes is a condition where

A

The pancreas produces little or no insulin

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes is controlled by:

A

Limiting intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates

Insulin Therapy - injecting insulin into the blood through subcutaneous tissue

43
Q

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where

A

The pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person becomes resistant to insulin

44
Q

Obese people have an increased risk of developing:

A

Type 2 diabetes

45
Q

Type 2 diabetes can be controlled by

A

Having a healthy diet

Some may also have insulin injections

46
Q

Plants can respond to stimuli by

A

Regulating thier growth

47
Q

A plants growth response is called

A

A tropism

48
Q

A positive tropism is

A

Growing towards a stimulus

49
Q

What is a phototropism ?

A

The growth of a plant in response to light.

50
Q

Shoots are __________ photographic

A

Positively (they grow towards the light)

51
Q

What is a gravitropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to gravity

52
Q

Roots are ____________ gravitropic

A

Positively (they grow downwards)

53
Q

Auxin is:

A

A plant hormone that controls the growth at the tips of shoots and roots

54
Q

Auxin is produced in

A

The tips and diffuses backward to stimulate the cells just behind the tips to elongate

55
Q

If the tip of a shoot is removed :

A

No auxin will be available and the shoot stops growing

56
Q

Auxin _________ growth in the shoot

A

Promotes

57
Q

High concentrations of auxin in the root

A

Inhibit growth

58
Q

Describe how shoots are phototrophic

A
  • When a shoot tip is exposed to light more auxin accumulates in the side that’s in the shade
  • This makes cells grow faster on the shaded side so the shoot bends towards the light
  • This enables the plant to absorb more light for photosynthesis
59
Q

Describe how roots are positively gravitropic

A
  • When a root is growing sideways gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip with more auxin on the lower side
  • The extra auxin inhibits growth which means the cells on top elongate faster and the roots bend downwards
  • This allows plants to extend their roots deep into the soil so they’re well anchored and can absorb more water and minerals which are needed for photosynthesis
60
Q

Gibberellin stimulates

A

Seed germination, stem growth and flowering

61
Q

Gibberellin stimulus the stems of plants to

A

Grow by stem elongation

62
Q

What are examples of commercial uses if plant hormones?

A

Selective weed killers, rooting powders, control over ripening of fruit, seedless fruit production

63
Q

How do selective weedkillers work?

A

Selective weedkillers makes broad leaved plants grow uncontrollably and die whilst leaving the thinner leaves plants untouched.

64
Q

How are rooting powders used?

A

Cuttings are dipped in rooting powders which contain plant growth horn eon which makes them produce roots rapidly. This enables growers to produce lots of plant clones very quickly

65
Q

How are plant hormones used to control the ripening of fruit?

A

Fruits are picked while still un ripe and whilst being transported to the supermarkets , a ripening hormone is added which means the fruit will ripens and be in perfect condition when it reaches the shelves.

66
Q

How are plant hormones used to produce seedless fruit ?

A

Fruit with seeds usually only grow on plants that have been pollinated by insects. If growth hormones are applied to un pollinated flowed the fruit will grow but the seeds won’t.

Biology Core (3 decks)

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