Topic 3-Infection & Response

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

microorganism that can cause disease

Question 2

bacteria

Answer 2

very small cells that make you feel ill by producing toxins

Question 3

virus

Answer 3

not cells, but they live inside your cells and replicate themselves until the cell bursts, releasing the virus. the cell damage is what makes you feel ill

Question 4

protists

Answer 4

single celled eukaryotes

Question 5

fungi

Answer 5

come in different shapes

Question 6

ways pathogens can be spread

Answer 6

water, air, or direct contact

Question 7

measles

Answer 7

viral disease spread by droplets from sneezes or coughs. symptoms include a red rash and a fever, and can be fatal if there are complications. most people are vaccinated as a child

Question 8

HIV

Answer 8

virus spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids. initially causes flu like symptoms, but over time may develop into AIDs

Question 9

TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

Answer 9

virus that affects plants. causes a mosaic pattern on leaves so they are discoloured and cannot carry out photosynthesis.

Question 10

rose black spot

Answer 10

fungus that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants. this means photosynthesis cannot occur, so growth is stunted. can be treated using fungicides and removing affected leaves

Question 11

malaria

Answer 11

caused by a protist through the vector of a mosquito. causes repeating episodes of fever and can be fatal. people can be protected by using insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 12

salmonella

Answer 12

bacteria that causes food poisoning. symptoms include fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. caused by eating contaminated food. most poultry is vaccinated against it.

Question 13

gonorrhoea

Answer 13

sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. symptoms include pain whilst urinating, and a yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis. can be treated with antibiotics

Question 14

ways to reduce the spread of disease

Answer 14

being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals, and vaccination.

Question 15

the body’s barriers

Answer 15

skin, hairs and mucus, hydrochloric acid, cilia

Question 16

phagocytosis

Answer 16

white blood cells engulfing and digesting foreign cells

Question 17

antibodies

Answer 17

white blood cells produce them to lock onto antigens so they can be found and destroyed

Question 18

antitoxins

Answer 18

counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

Question 19

vaccination

Answer 19

injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen so the body can create the correct antibodies

Question 20

painkillers

Answer 20

relive pain, but don’t actually kill pathogens

Question 21

antibiotics

Answer 21

kill the bacteria causing harm to your body

Question 22

stages of drug testing

Answer 22

1) test on human cells and tissues
2) test on live animals
3) test on human volunteers

Question 23

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 23

produced from lots of clones of white blood cells artificially

Question 24

monoclonal antibody uses

Answer 24

treat cancer, test hormone levels, test blood samples, and locate specific molecules in a cell

Question 25

plant physical defences

Answer 25

waxy cuticle, layers of dead cells around stems, and cell walls

Question 26

plant chemical defences

Answer 26

antibacterial chemicals, and poisons

Question 27

plant mechanical defences

Answer 27

thorns and hairs, drooping or curling, and mimicking other organisms