Topic 1-Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled, small organism

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

complex organisms

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3
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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4
Q

cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.

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5
Q

cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place

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7
Q

ribosomes

A

where proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

cell wall

A

(PLANT ONLY) supports and strengthens the cell

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9
Q

permanent vacuole

A

(PLANT ONLY) contains cell sap which is a weak solution of sugar and salts

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

(PLANT ONLY) where photosynthesis occurs. contains a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.

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11
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

plants and animals

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12
Q

examples of prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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13
Q

plasmids

A

(BACTERIA ONLY) small ring of DNA

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14
Q

strand of DNA

A

(BACTERIA ONLY) where genetic information is stored instead of a nucleus

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15
Q

light microscopes

A

use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it. they let us see cells and large subcellular structures (eg nuclei)

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16
Q

electron microscopes

A

use electrons to magnify an image. they let us see very small things like the internal structure of mitochondria.

17
Q

magnification equation

A

magnification=image size/actual size

18
Q

which lens do you use first?

A

lowest powered objective lens (lowest magnification)

19
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process where a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

20
Q

sperm cells

A

specialised for reproduction. long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg and lots of mitochondria to provide enough energy.

21
Q

nerve cells

A

specialised for rapid signalling. very long to cover more distance and have branched connections to form a network throughout the body.

22
Q

muscle cells

A

specialised for contraction. long so they have space to contract and have lots of mitochondria for energy.

23
Q

root hair cells

A

specialised to absorb water and minerals. large surface area so the plant can absorb more.

24
Q

phloem and xylem cells

A

specialised for transporting substances. cells are long and joined end to end . xylem cells are hollow and phloem have very few subcellular structures.

25
Q

chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules which carries a large number of genes

26
Q

mitosis

A

(EUKAYROTIC) cells dividing to create an exact copy of themselves

27
Q

binary fission

A

(PROKAROTIC) cell splits in two.

28
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells which can be used for medical purposes

29
Q

what could stem cells cure?

A

diabetes, paralysation etc

30
Q

meristems

A

the place in plants where stem cells are found

31
Q

embryos and bone marrow

A

the places in humans where stem cells are found

32
Q

diffusion

A

spreading out of particles from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

33
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

34
Q

active transport

A

the movement of particles AGAINST a concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentration)