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bio > topic 3 - infection & response > Flashcards

topic 3 - infection & response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can spread from one organism to another

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2
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that cannot be spread from one organism to another (e.g. cancer)

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3
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that enters the body and causes disease

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4
Q

What is a bacterium?

A

A very small, prokaryotic pathogen that reproduces rapidly inside the body and produces toxins (that damage cells)

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5
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is NOT A CELL. It reproduces rapidly in the cells by replicating itself using the cell organelles - eventually causing the cell to burst.

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6
Q

What is a protist?

A

A single-celled eukaryote that is usually a parasite. It lives inside other organisms and can cause them damage (transferred by a vector)

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7
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is an organism that can carry a parasite or protist and spread it without getting the disease itself

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8
Q

What are fungi?

A

They are single-celled pathogens that have a body made up of hyphae (thread-like structures) which can grow and penetrate human and plant tissue. Spread via pores that are produced.

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9
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A
  1. Water [cholera]
  2. Air [influenza]
  3. Direct Contact [athlete’s foot]
  4. Bodily Fluid Exchange [HIV]
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10
Q

What is Measles?

A

Spread: Droplets (sneeze or cough)

Symptoms: - Red Skin Rash
- Fever

Result: - Pneumonia (lung infection)
- Encephalitis (brain infection)

VACCINATION AVAILABLE

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11
Q

What is HIV?

A

Spread: - Sexual Contact
- Bodily Fluid Exchange

Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms that take years to show

Treatment: Antiretroviral Drugs prevent virus replication

Result: - Immune Cells Attacked
- Body can’t cope with other
infections or cancers [AIDS]

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12
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Spread: - Direct Contact
- Close Proximity (soil)

Symptoms: - Mosaic Pattern on Leaves
- Leaves discolour

Treatment: - Destroy the plants

Result: - Photosynthesis not effective
- Plant Growth slows down

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13
Q

What is Rose Black Spot?

A

Spread: - Water & Wind

Symptoms: - Purple & Black Spots
- Leaves turn yellow & fall

Treatment: - Fungicides
- Leaves stripped &
destroyed

Result: - Lack of Photosynthesis
- Growth decreases

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14
Q

Examples of Viral Diseases

A
  1. Measles
  2. HIV
  3. Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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15
Q

Example of Fungal Disease

A
  1. Rose Black Spot
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16
Q

Examples of Bacterial Diseases

A
  1. Salmonella

2. Gonorrhea

17
Q

Example of Protist Disease

A
  1. Malaria
18
Q

How do you prevent disease?

A
  1. Being Hygenic
  2. Destroying Vectors
  3. Isolating Infected Individuals
  4. Vaccination
19
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Phagocytes

2. Lymphocytes

20
Q

How do Phagocytes work?

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

  1. Phagocytes detect foreign body
  2. Phagocytes then engulf the foreign
    bodies
  3. The phagocytes then display the
    antigens of the foreign body on their
    surface for the lymphocyte to detect
    them and produce antibodies
21
Q

How do lymphocytes fight pathogens?

A 
1. The lymphocytes detect the antigens 
     on the surface of the pathogens
2. They then produce specific 
    antibodies that attach to the 
    pathogen antigens and prevent 
    functions of the pathogen
22
Q

What is the name of the cell that remembers antibodies in relation to specific pathogens?

A

Memory Cells [WBCs]

23
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. First dose of weakened pathogen is given to the patient
  2. The lymphocytes begin to produce antibodies to attack the pathogen
  3. After 12 weeks (approx.), a second dose is given to the patient
  4. This makes sure there are enough memory cells that can counter-act the pathogen if it enters the body in the future.

The whole process is known as IMMUNISATION

24
Q

What are the pros and cons of vaccines?

A

Pros:

  • Help control many communicable diseases (i.e. measles, mumps, etc.)
  • Can prevent epidemics as there is “herd immunity”

Cons:

  • They don’t always work
  • Occasionally some may have a bad reaction to vaccines (seizure or anaphylaxis)
25
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Antibodies that are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen

26
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. Antigens are injected in a rat as to stimulate lymphocytes to produce desired antibodies
  2. The desired lymphocytes are extracted from the rat and fused with a fast-dividing tumour cell
  3. This produces a cell called a Hybridoma. This cell divides extremely rapidly and produces identical antibodies
  4. These antibodies are extracted and are now known as Monoclonal Antibodies
27
Q

What are the main uses of Monoclonal Antibodies?

A
  1. Pregnancy Tests
  2. Blood Tests (finding substances)
  3. Treating Diseases
28
Q

Why aren’t Monoclonal Antibodies very widespread as treatment currently?

A

They have many dangerous side effects at the moment. Thus they can cause fever, vomiting, and low blood pressure.

29
Q

What mineral ions do plants need?

A
  1. Magnesium (chlorophyll)
  2. Nitrates (proteins for growth)
  3. Potassium (stomata guard cells)
  4. Phosphates (encourage flowering)

bio (5 decks)

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