Topic 3 - Infection and response Flashcards
Describe a virus, bacteria, protist and fungus
Virus - Not cells, DNA surrounded by protein coat
Bacteria - Prokaryotes, single celled organism
Protists - Eukaryotes, single celled
Fungi - Eukaryotes, single or multi celled
List the 3 main virus diseases, symptoms, their transmission and how to control spread
Measles - fever, rash - sneezes + coughs - vaccination
HIV - damage to immune system - sexual contact - drugs, condoms
TMV - Mosaic leaf pattern - pests - remove infected leaves
List the 2 main bacteria diseases, symptoms. transmission and control
Salmonella - fever, vomiting - unhygienic food - cook thoroughly
Gonorrhea - green discharge - sexual contact - antibiotics
List the main protist disease, symptoms. transmission and control
Malaria - recurrent fever - vector - nets, prevent mosquito breeding
List the main fungal disease, symptoms, transmission and control
Rose black spot - spots on leaves - spores - fungicide
Explain the 3 ways white blood cells protect our body
Phagocytosis - Engulf pathogen
Antibodies - Bind to antigens on pathogens
Antitoxins - Counteract toxins produced by bacteria
What does it mean is an antibiotic doesn’t kill the bacteria? Why is this bad?
The bacteria has become resistant to it - this will survive, reproduce and then this strain will increase.
Where did Aspirin, Penicillin and Digitalis come from?
What are they
A - willow bark (painkiller + anti-inflammatory)
P - Discovered by Fleming from mold (antibiotic)
D - Foxglove plants (heart drug)
Explain the 1st step in drug testing
Preclinical testing - testing on human cells and tissues. This can’t be done for drugs affecting multiple body systems
Explain the 2nd step in drug testing
Live animals - Done to check efficacy (if it works), dosage and toxicity. Must be tested on two different live mammals
Explain the 3rd step in drug testing
Human volunteers - healthy volunteers try drug to test side effects. Patients try the drug at low dosage to see if it works and to find the optimum dosage. Double blind trial.
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
A mouse is injected with the pathogen Lymphocytes produce antibodies These are removed and fused with a tumor cell to divide fast These are hybridomas Divide rapidly
How do pregnancy tests work
The woman urinates and if there is HCG the antibodies bind to it and move into the result window. The antibodies on the blue beads will produce a blue strip. In the control window, antibodies bind to the antibodies on the HCG to make another strip appear
Name 4 common ways to detect if plants have a disease
Stunted growth, spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformed stem/leaves, discoloration, presence of pests
How can you identify plant diseases?
Gardening manual or website, lab test, test kit using monoclonal antibodies
