Topic 3 - Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe a virus, bacteria, protist and fungus

A

Virus - Not cells, DNA surrounded by protein coat
Bacteria - Prokaryotes, single celled organism
Protists - Eukaryotes, single celled
Fungi - Eukaryotes, single or multi celled

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2
Q

List the 3 main virus diseases, symptoms, their transmission and how to control spread

A

Measles - fever, rash - sneezes + coughs - vaccination
HIV - damage to immune system - sexual contact - drugs, condoms
TMV - Mosaic leaf pattern - pests - remove infected leaves

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3
Q

List the 2 main bacteria diseases, symptoms. transmission and control

A

Salmonella - fever, vomiting - unhygienic food - cook thoroughly
Gonorrhea - green discharge - sexual contact - antibiotics

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4
Q

List the main protist disease, symptoms. transmission and control

A

Malaria - recurrent fever - vector - nets, prevent mosquito breeding

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5
Q

List the main fungal disease, symptoms, transmission and control

A

Rose black spot - spots on leaves - spores - fungicide

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6
Q

Explain the 3 ways white blood cells protect our body

A

Phagocytosis - Engulf pathogen
Antibodies - Bind to antigens on pathogens
Antitoxins - Counteract toxins produced by bacteria

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7
Q

What does it mean is an antibiotic doesn’t kill the bacteria? Why is this bad?

A

The bacteria has become resistant to it - this will survive, reproduce and then this strain will increase.

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8
Q

Where did Aspirin, Penicillin and Digitalis come from?

What are they

A

A - willow bark (painkiller + anti-inflammatory)
P - Discovered by Fleming from mold (antibiotic)
D - Foxglove plants (heart drug)

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9
Q

Explain the 1st step in drug testing

A

Preclinical testing - testing on human cells and tissues. This can’t be done for drugs affecting multiple body systems

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10
Q

Explain the 2nd step in drug testing

A

Live animals - Done to check efficacy (if it works), dosage and toxicity. Must be tested on two different live mammals

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11
Q

Explain the 3rd step in drug testing

A

Human volunteers - healthy volunteers try drug to test side effects. Patients try the drug at low dosage to see if it works and to find the optimum dosage. Double blind trial.

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12
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A
A mouse is injected with the pathogen
Lymphocytes produce antibodies 
These are removed and fused with a tumor cell to divide fast
These are hybridomas 
Divide rapidly
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13
Q

How do pregnancy tests work

A

The woman urinates and if there is HCG the antibodies bind to it and move into the result window. The antibodies on the blue beads will produce a blue strip. In the control window, antibodies bind to the antibodies on the HCG to make another strip appear

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14
Q

Name 4 common ways to detect if plants have a disease

A

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformed stem/leaves, discoloration, presence of pests

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15
Q

How can you identify plant diseases?

A

Gardening manual or website, lab test, test kit using monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

Explain the need for nitrate and magnesium ions

A

Nitrate - needed for protein synthesis - lack of = stunted growth
Magnesium - needed for chlorophyll - not enough = yellow leaves

17
Q

List the chemical, physical and mechanical defenses of a plant

A

Chemical - Antibacterial and toxins are made
Physical - Waxy layers, cell walls
Mechanical - Thorns, curling up leaves

18
Q

Non-specific human defence systems

A

Nose - mucus, hairs
Respiratory system - mucus, cilia
Stomach acid - acid pH1
Skin - hard to penetrate - glands secrete oil killing microbes

19
Q

Explain uses of monoclonal antibodies (other than pregnancy tests)

A

Detecting pathogens - detect chemicals in blood
Detecting molecules - Fluorescent die can be attached to see in cells
Treatment - Radioactive substance, drug or chemical to target cancer cells.

20
Q

Explain how the 4 main pathogen types make you ill

A

Bacteria - produce toxins
Viruses - damage cells
Protists - Parasites cause damage
Fungi - hyphae penetrate skin to cause damage