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AQA GCSE Biology > Topic 3: Infection and Response > Flashcards

Topic 3: Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease and depend on host to provide conditions and nutrients needed to grow and reproduce

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2
Q

Name the four types of pathogen and how they are spread

A

Virus, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi
Infect plants and animals and spread by direct contact, water or air

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3
Q

Why are bacteria and viruses dangerous?

A

Can reproduce rapidly in body and produce toxins which damage tissues and makes us feel ill. These toxins cause symptoms of infection which include high temp. , nausea etc. Viruses also live and reproduce in cells, which cause cell damage

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4
Q

What is HIV short for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

-Flu-like illness
-Enter lymph nodes and attack immune cells
-Can develop into AIDS in which body can no longer deal with infections or cancers

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6
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

-Exchange of body fluids (blood shared from needles)
-Sexual Contact with infected person

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7
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced?

A

-Hygiene Measures
>Covering Mouth
>Washing Hands
-Destroying Vectors (Mosquitoes vector for malaria)
-Isolation of infected individuals
-Vaccination

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8
Q

How can HIV be prevented/treated?

A

-Don’t share needles
-Protection
-Antiretroviral Drugs

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9
Q

What is measles and what are the symptoms?

A

Viral disease which causes fever and red skin rash

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10
Q

How is measles spread?

A

-Contact with infected person
-Inhalation of droplets from coughs or sneezes

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11
Q

How can measles be prevented/treated?

A

-There is no treatment for measles
-Prevented with the MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
Children are vaccinated early as can be fatal if complications arise

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12
Q

What is TMV short for and what does it affect?

A

-Tobacco Mosaic Virus
-Only affects plants

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

-Brown patches on leaves
-Can’t photosynthesise
-Stunted Growth which may lead to death

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14
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

-Physical Contact with infected leaves/tools

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15
Q

How can TMV be prevented/treated?

A

-Prevent transmission
-Kill infected tissue/plants
-Disinfect tools between use

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

-Fever
-Abdominal Cramps
-Vomiting
-Diarrhoea

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17
Q

How is Salmonella spread?

A

-Bacteria is ingested in food due to being prepared in unhygienic conditions

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18
Q

How can Salmonella be prevented/treated?

A

-Check source of food
-Don’t eat raw/uncooked poultry
-Poultry are vaccinated against it to control spread

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19
Q

Explain why Malaria is special

A

-Classified as protist
-No pathogens are malaria but the pathogens which cause malaria belong to protists plasmodium

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

-Recurrent episodes of fever
-Cam be fatal

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21
Q

How can Malaria be spread?

A

-Female, Pregnant, Anopheles Mosquitoes which have previously bitten someone infected

22
Q

How can Malaria be prevented/treated?

A

-Preventing vector (mosquito) from breeding
-Mosquito nets to avoid getting bitten
-Anti-malaria biotics

23
Q

Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium

A

-Mosquito bites an infected person
-Gametes for plasmodium enter mosquito
-Plasmodium moves to mosquito’s salivary glands
-Mosquito bites another person
-Injects saliva and plasmodium enters bloodstream
-Plasmodium moves to liver and multiplies
-Moves back into blood and invades red blood cells
-Plasmodium produces gametes in red blood cell
-Bursts cell and gametes enter blood plasma

24
Q

Non-Specific Defence Systems

A

Ways humans defends itself against entry of pathogens which include: Skin, Stomach acid, Nose, Trachea/Bronchi, Tears, Blood Clots

25
Q

Phagocytosis Brief Description

A

If pathogen enters body, immune system tries to destroy pathogens with phagocytes which engulf and destroy pathogens. This can include inflammation or ingestion.

26
Q

What are the two main types of drug?

A

Recreational and Medicinal Drugs

27
Q

What are the two further sections of medicinal drugs?

A

Painkillers: Reduces pain, relieves symptoms, doesn’t kill pathogens, doesn’t heal
Examples include: Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Morphine
Antibiotics: Kill bacteria without damaging animal cells, Don’t kill viruses
Examples include: Penicillin, Amoxycillin

28
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

-Alexander Fleming
-Came from fungus penicillium
-Experiment with bacteria colonies on Petri Dish
-Penicillium grew on dish
-Killed bacteria on it

29
Q

What are the natural origin of drugs (from plants):

A

Coffee- Caffeine
Cocoa, Tea, Cola- Theophylline
Poppy- Codeine
Tobacco- Nicotine
Mint- Menthol
Foxglove- Digitalin
Belladonna- Atropine
Yew- Taxol
Thyme- Thymol

30
Q

What is the first stage of modern day drug development?

A

Synthesis/Extraction
> Identify active ingredient and have an idea of it being a drug

31
Q

What is the second stage of modern day drug development?

A

Preclinical Testing
>Test on cell/tissues to see if drug works and how well it works e.g. toxicity

32
Q

What is the third stage of modern day drug development?

A

Clinical Trials (Three Phases)
1) Test on healthy volunteers to look for side effects LOW DOSAGE ONLY
2) Test on patients to see strength/potence and side effects LOW DOSAGE ONLY
3) Test on patients with INCREASED dosage to see if it works, suitable dosage, side effects

33
Q

What is the main focus of testing drugs?

A

1) Side effects / Toxicity
2) Efficacy
3) Dosage

34
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Drug that has no effect to see difference, control group, COMPARISON

35
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Neither the patient or doctors know who takes the placebo to prevent bias

36
Q

What is peer-review?

A

When a study has been checked by other scientists in a different lab

37
Q

What are the three types of white blood cell?

A

-Phagocytes
-B-Lymphocytes
-T-Lymphocytes

38
Q

What is a T-Lymphocyte?

A

Recognise antigens and attack them directly or activate B-Lymphocytes

39
Q

What is a B-Lymphocyte?

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins

40
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Special Y-Shaped proteins and bind to antigens on pathogens causing them to clump and be destroyed

41
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies used compared to normal white blood cell?

A

White blood cell can only divide if they don’t produce antibodies, they don’t divide as soon as it does

42
Q

Characteristics of MCA

A

-Come from cells which have been cloned
-Produced and used over long periods of time and are lots of copies of a specific antibody
- Produced in lab
- Allows white blood cell to divide whilst producing antibodies

43
Q

How is MCA produced?

A

1) Mouse injected with specific antigen to stimulate lymphocytes to make particular antibody
2) Extracted lymphocytes combine with particular cancerous tumour cell. Detergents are used to help break down cell membrane of both cells to help them fuse
3) Create hybridoma cell, which divides and makes antibodies
4) Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce identical cell that produce same antibody
5) Large amounts of MCA collected and purified

44
Q

What are MCA’s used for?

A

-Pregnancy Testing Kits
-Diagnostic Tool (HIV)
-Industrial production interferon (treats cancers)
-Specific drug delivery

45
Q

How do pregnancy tests work?

A

Urine is placed onto strip and urine travels through paper to three zones: Reaction Zone, Test Zone and Control Zone

46
Q

Describe the Reaction Zone of the pregnancy test

A

Mobilised antibodies attach/bind to hCG with a colour-reacting enzyme

47
Q

Describe the Test Zone of the pregnancy test

A

Immobile antibodies bind to hCG antibodies and release dye from enzymes

48
Q

Describe the Control Zone of the pregnancy test

A

Test for mobilised antibodies which didn’t bind to hCG to see if test was faulty and release dye from enzymes

49
Q

How is MCA used for identification?

A

Antibodies attached to dye that will glow under UV light which helps with identification process

50
Q

What are the three possible ways to treat cancer with MCA?

A

1) Monoclonal antibodies directly stimulate immune system to respond, attack and destroy cancer cell
2) MCA block receptors, preventing them from growing, dividing
3) MCA used to transport toxic drugs or radioactive substances which control growth of cell and attack them

51
Q

What are some possible side effects of MCA?

A

-Chills or Fever
-Itchy Rashes
-Nausea
-Breathlessness/Wheezing
-Headaches
-Change in blood pressure

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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