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AQA GCSE Biology > Topic 2: Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2: Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in something into body through swallowing

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones

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2
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients taken into body

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3
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of waste out of body

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4
Q

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive tract?

A

Breaks down food

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5
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands in the digestive tract?

A

Produces amylase

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6
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus in the digestive tract?

A

Transports food to stomach

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7
Q

What is the function of the liver in the digestive tract?

A

Produces bile, neutralises stomach acid, emulsifies fats

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8
Q

What is the function of the bile duct in the digestive tract?

A

Transports bile

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9
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder in the digestive tract?

A

Stores bile

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10
Q

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive tract?

A

Breaks down food into smaller particles used in body

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11
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive tract?

A

Produces pancreatic fluid which contains enzymes

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12
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in the digestive tract?

A

Where water is absorbed

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13
Q

What is the function of the appendix in the digestive tract?

A

Breaks down cellulose

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14
Q

What is the function of the rectum in the digestive tract?

A

Where waste matter is held before excretion

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15
Q

What is the function of the anus in the digestive tract ?

A

Muscle which allows things out

16
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive tract ?

A

Split into Ileum and Jejunum, Where nutrients are absorbed into blood

17
Q

What is the function of the duodenum in the digestive tract ?

A

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients

18
Q

What is the function of the carbohydrates food group?

A

Provides energy

19
Q

What is the function of the protein food group?

A

Growth and Repair

20
Q

What is the function of the lipids food group?

A

Energy Store, Insulation

21
Q

What is the function of the vitamins and minerals food group?

A

General Health

22
Q

What is the function of the fibre food group?

A

Aids gut mobility

23
Q

What is the function of the water food group?

A

Transport and Chemical Reactions

24
Q

What are the food groups?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Lipids
  • Water
  • Fibre
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
25
Q

What are the enzymes which correspond to the three main food groups?

A

Protein - Protease : Protein –> Amino Acids
Carbohydrates- Carbohydrase and Amylase : Carbohydrates –> Simple Sugars , Starch –> Glucose
Lipids- Lipase : Lipids –> Fatty Acids & Glycerol

26
Q

What are products of digestion used for?

A

Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins whilst some carbohydrates are used in respiration

27
Q

What are biological catalysts?

A

Used by living organisms that increases speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in process e.g. enzymes

28
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins are made up of chains / bonds of amino acids folded in complex 3D shapes which are unique for each type of enzymes

29
Q

What is the active site?

A

Part of the enzyme in which chemical reactions take place

30
Q

How do enzymes act?

A

On a specific substrate which binds to a specific active site

31
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A
  • Shape of active site complementary to substrate
  • Only one substrate fits active site exactly
  • When binded, enzyme compound substrate forms
32
Q

How does temp. affect enzyme activity?

A
  • Temp. increases and reaches enzyme’s optimum temp.
  • More collisions between enzymes and substrate
  • Increase rate of reaction
  • As temp. increases further, enzyme denatures as enzyme no longer fits substrate
  • Decrease rate of reaction and is irreversible
33
Q

What is bile?

A
  • Alkaline substance produced in liver
  • Stored and released at right time in Gall Bladder
  • Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
34
Q

What is meant by emulsifying fats?

A

Breaks down one droplet of fat into smaller droplets so more enzymes can act on it at the same time and allows the droplet to be broken down faster

35
Q

How are villi adapted?

A
  • Increase Surface Area (micro-villi folds in cell membrane)
  • Walls are one cell thick to increase rate of diffusion
  • Good blood supply
  • Maintains concentration gradient
  • Cells with lots of mitochondria for ATP
36
Q

What is a buffer solution?

A

Solution at certain pH, controls and varies pH of substance

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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