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AQA GCSE Biology > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells that work together to perform a specific role

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

Group of tissues that work together to perform specific roles

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4
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Group of organs that work together to perform specific roles

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5
Q

What is a neuron cell?

A

A cell that doesn’t replace itself

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control’s cell activities and contains genetic information

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which substance enter and leave cell

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

Protein Synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid that fills cell where chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place , Contains chlorophyll

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12
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll?

A

Green pigment which absorbs light and acts out photosynthesis found in cell organelle, chloroplast

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives cell structure + maintains shape

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Helps maintain shape + maintains cell turgidity

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15
Q

Describe the Onion Experiment

A

1) Pipette used to drop one drop of water on microscope slide
2) Cut a piece of thin onion skin and separate layer
3) Peel a paper thin layer of epidermal tissue and place on the drop of water with forceps making sure its flat
4) Put two drops of iodine on the tissue
5) Carefully lower a coverslip, using forceps if needed
6) Soak excess water with paper towel
7) Put slide on microscope stage and observe

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16
Q

Name the parts of a bacteria

A
  • Slime Capsule
  • Cell Wall
  • Flagella
  • Plasmids
  • Cell Membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Single Chromosome (Nucleoid)
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17
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A
  • Animals, Plants, Fungi
  • Normally multicellular
  • Genetic material stored in nucleus
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18
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Unicellular
  • Genetic material not stored in nucleus
  • No membrane- bound organelles
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19
Q

Where can bacteria be found?

A
  • Can be found anywhere (food, water, air, humans)
  • Can survive freezing temp. and hostile environments
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20
Q

How can bacteria be grown?

A
  • Grown at maximum 25°C in schools
    > Won’t grow as fast
    > Decrease development of pathogenic bacteria
  • Grown at 37°C in labs
    > Matches body temp.
    > Better for investigation
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21
Q

What are red blood cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Carry oxygen around body
  • Doesn’t have nucleus
  • Large SA
  • Bi-concave shape which absorbs more O2
  • Haemoglobin which binds to O2
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22
Q

What are sperm cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Fertilise egg cell
  • Has tail to swim
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Contain enzymes which break outer shell of egg
  • Contains 1/2 of genetic material
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23
Q

What are nerve cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Pass sensory impulses from a receptor to an effector
  • Dendrites to form connections with neutrons
  • Long ocon to carry impulse to target
24
Q

What are muscle cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • To contract and retract
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Work together in groups
25
What are leaf cells and how are they adapted?
- Carry out photosynthesis - Packed with chloroplast which contain chlorophyll to absorb light - Regularly shaped - Closely packed cell
26
What are root hair cells and how are they adapted?
- To absorb nutrients and water - Large SA to increase rate of absorption - Large Vacuole to control water entry - Lots of mitochondria for active transport
27
What is diffusion?
Random movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration
28
What are some ways to increase rate of diffusion?
- High Concentration Gradient - Temperature - Increase SA of membrane - Diffusion distance
29
How do you maintain concentration gradient?
Good blood supply
30
Why can't some particles diffuse?
Large particles are too large and membrane prevents them.
31
What is osmosis?
Movement of water from an area of high to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
32
If there are more water particles then solute particles, describe the solution
Dilute High Water Potential
33
If there are less water particles then solute particles, describe the solution
Concentrated Low Water Potential
34
What is active transport?
Movement of a substance against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP) which comes from respiration
35
What is a hypotonic solution?
Lower solute concentration than inside cell
36
What is an isotonic solution?
Solute concentration same inside and outside cell
37
What is a hypertonic solution?
Higher solute concentration than inside the cell
38
Describe the key Osmosis practical step-by-step
1) Use a cork borer to cut 5 potato cylinders of same diameter 2) Trim the cylinders so they are all the same length 3) Measure length and mass of each cylinder 4) Measure 20cm cubed of distilled water in the first boiling tube and label. Repeat with salt solutions of 0.5 M, 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M. 5) Add one cylinder to each making sure you know which cylinder goes in which 6) Record the lengths and mass in relation to the solubility they are in with a table 7) Leave cylinders for a set time before removing the cylinders and drying with a paper towel 8) Re-measure length and mass and record measurements on table 9) Calculate change and percentage change 10) Plot graph of results
39
Why do cells divide?
- Replace dead / damaged cells (repair of tissues) - Growth - Asexual Reproduction
40
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
- Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical clones - Sexual reproduction has two parents - Sexual reproduction has the fusion of gametes
41
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Resting Phase - Not dividing, not replicating, most common phase Cell Growth Phase (G1 Phase) - Number of organelles increase for growth, gets bigger, replicates all organelles except nucleus Replication Phase (S or DNA replication phase) - 46 chromosomes are copied (in human cells), enough DNA for 2 identical nuclei Cell Growth Phase 2 (G2 Phase) - Cells prepare for mitosis Mitosis - Copies of chromosomes separate, nucleus divides
42
Why are checkpoints needed in cell cycle?
Ensure nothing goes wrong between and at each phase e.g. damage, mutation
43
What does cell cycle by mitosis produce?
Two new cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
44
What are genes?
Basic unit of inheritance, codes for a characteristic / protein, found in chromosomes
45
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (haploid) , 23 pairs (diploid)
46
How are chromosomes paired?
In homologous pairs which have the same gene, but different versions of them
47
Described the 23rd pair in terms of gender
X-Y : Male X-X : Female Not homologous
48
What are chromosones?
Large molecule of DNA found in nucleus
49
Describe characteristics of the DNA Model
- Double Helix Structure - Double Stranded - Contains Genetic Code - Biological Polymer
50
How many sets of chromosomes do body and sex cells have?
Sex - 1 set Body - 2 sets
51
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
52
Describe how DNA is prepared for mitosis
Long, thin strands which just before the cell divides become shorter, thicker, more visible and condense before duplicating The two chromosomes are joined at the centromere.
53
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type and from which certain other cell can arise from differentiation
54
What are some sources of stem cells?
- Embryos - Bone Marrow
55
What are the types of stem cell?
Totipotent - Give rise to any other cell type Pluripotent - Give rise to every cell except umbilical cord, fetus Multipotent- Give rise to some cell types Unipotent - Give rise to one cell type
56
What is plasticity?
Where adult stem cells are manipulated to produce many different cell types

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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