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AQA GCSE Biology > Topic 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

Basic building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells that work together to perform a specific role

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3
Q

What are organs?

A

Group of tissues that work together to perform specific roles

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4
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Group of organs that work together to perform specific roles

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5
Q

What is a neuron cell?

A

A cell that doesn’t replace itself

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Control’s cell activities and contains genetic information

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls which substance enter and leave cell

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosome?

A

Protein Synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Fluid that fills cell where chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place , Contains chlorophyll

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12
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll?

A

Green pigment which absorbs light and acts out photosynthesis found in cell organelle, chloroplast

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives cell structure + maintains shape

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Helps maintain shape + maintains cell turgidity

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15
Q

Describe the Onion Experiment

A

1) Pipette used to drop one drop of water on microscope slide
2) Cut a piece of thin onion skin and separate layer
3) Peel a paper thin layer of epidermal tissue and place on the drop of water with forceps making sure its flat
4) Put two drops of iodine on the tissue
5) Carefully lower a coverslip, using forceps if needed
6) Soak excess water with paper towel
7) Put slide on microscope stage and observe

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16
Q

Name the parts of a bacteria

A
  • Slime Capsule
  • Cell Wall
  • Flagella
  • Plasmids
  • Cell Membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Single Chromosome (Nucleoid)
17
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A
  • Animals, Plants, Fungi
  • Normally multicellular
  • Genetic material stored in nucleus
18
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Unicellular
  • Genetic material not stored in nucleus
  • No membrane- bound organelles
19
Q

Where can bacteria be found?

A
  • Can be found anywhere (food, water, air, humans)
  • Can survive freezing temp. and hostile environments
20
Q

How can bacteria be grown?

A
  • Grown at maximum 25°C in schools
    > Won’t grow as fast
    > Decrease development of pathogenic bacteria
  • Grown at 37°C in labs
    > Matches body temp.
    > Better for investigation
21
Q

What are red blood cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Carry oxygen around body
  • Doesn’t have nucleus
  • Large SA
  • Bi-concave shape which absorbs more O2
  • Haemoglobin which binds to O2
22
Q

What are sperm cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Fertilise egg cell
  • Has tail to swim
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Contain enzymes which break outer shell of egg
  • Contains 1/2 of genetic material
23
Q

What are nerve cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Pass sensory impulses from a receptor to an effector
  • Dendrites to form connections with neutrons
  • Long ocon to carry impulse to target
24
Q

What are muscle cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • To contract and retract
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Work together in groups
25
Q

What are leaf cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • Carry out photosynthesis
  • Packed with chloroplast which contain chlorophyll to absorb light
  • Regularly shaped
  • Closely packed cell
26
Q

What are root hair cells and how are they adapted?

A
  • To absorb nutrients and water
  • Large SA to increase rate of absorption
  • Large Vacuole to control water entry
  • Lots of mitochondria for active transport
27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Random movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration

28
Q

What are some ways to increase rate of diffusion?

A
  • High Concentration Gradient
  • Temperature
  • Increase SA of membrane
  • Diffusion distance
29
Q

How do you maintain concentration gradient?

A

Good blood supply

30
Q

Why can’t some particles diffuse?

A

Large particles are too large and membrane prevents them.

31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from an area of high to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

32
Q

If there are more water particles then solute particles, describe the solution

A

Dilute
High Water Potential

33
Q

If there are less water particles then solute particles, describe the solution

A

Concentrated
Low Water Potential

34
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of a substance against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP) which comes from respiration

35
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Lower solute concentration than inside cell

36
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solute concentration same inside and outside cell

37
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Higher solute concentration than inside the cell

38
Q

Describe the key Osmosis practical step-by-step

A

1) Use a cork borer to cut 5 potato cylinders of same diameter
2) Trim the cylinders so they are all the same length
3) Measure length and mass of each cylinder
4) Measure 20cm cubed of distilled water in the first boiling tube and label. Repeat with salt solutions of 0.5 M, 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M.
5) Add one cylinder to each making sure you know which cylinder goes in which
6) Record the lengths and mass in relation to the solubility they are in with a table
7) Leave cylinders for a set time before removing the cylinders and drying with a paper towel
8) Re-measure length and mass and record measurements on table
9) Calculate change and percentage change
10) Plot graph of results

39
Q
A

AQA GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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