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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection and response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

How does bacteria make you feel ill?

A

the produce and release toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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3
Q

Name 4 types of pathogens

A
  1. bacteria
  2. virus
  3. protist
  4. fungi
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4
Q

How do viruses work?

A

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing the cell to burst and release all the new viruses to other cells. the cell damage is what causes ill symtpoms

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5
Q

Name 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread

A
  1. water
  2. air
  3. direct contact
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6
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A
  1. measles
  2. HIV
  3. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • red skin rash
  • high fever
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8
Q

How serious is measles? and why?

A

Measles is a serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise. it can lead to pneumonia or inflammation of the brain

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9
Q

What is the treatment for measles?

A

most people are vaccinated against it when they’re young/children

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10
Q

How is the measles virus spread?

A

The measles virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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11
Q

How does HIV work and how do symptoms change during the different stages?

A

Initially Hiv causes flu- like symptoms.
Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body’s immune cells
when the body’s immune system is badly damaged, it cant cope with other infections or cacers. This stage is known as late stage HIV infection, or AIDS.

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12
Q

How is HIV viru spread?

A

sexual contact
exchanging bodily fluids (sharing needles)

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

mosaic pattern on leaves of plamts
discoloration on leaves

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14
Q

How does TMV affect the plant?

A

the discoloration it causes means that the plant cant carry out photosynthesis as well so the virus affects its growth

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15
Q

Is rose black spot a virus, bacteria, fungi or protist

A

fungi

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16
Q

What organism does rose black spot affect?

A

rose plants

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot and how does it affect the plant?

A
  1. purple or black spots develop on leaves which can then cause the leaves to turn yellow and drop off
  2. this means that less photosynthesis can occur (because there are less leaves to absorb light for photosynthesis) and the plant wont grow very well
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18
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Through the environment:
- water (wet conditions allow the fungi to build up)
- the wind (carry spores to next plant)

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19
Q

How can rose black spot be treated? (2 ways)

A
  1. fungicides
  2. remove infected leaves from plant (to stop spreading to other parts of the plant) and destroy the leaves so the fungus cant spread to other plants
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20
Q

Is malaria a fungi, virus, protist or bacteria

A

it is caused by a protist

21
Q

How does malaria work and how is it spread?

A

part of the malarial protists life cycle takes place inside the mosquito (vector). the mosquito picks up the malarial protist when feeding on an infected animal. it then transfers it to other animals (infecting them) when it feeds on them by inserting it into the animals blood vessels.

22
Q

symptoms of malaria?

A
  1. repeating episodes of fever
  2. headaches
  3. can be fatal
23
Q

How can the spread of malaria be reduced? (3 ways)

A
  1. stop mosquitos from breeding
  2. using insecticides
  3. mosquito nets
24
Q

Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

25
Q

True or false:
Most protists are single-celled

A

true

26
Q

Give an example of a protist

A

parasites

27
Q

give an example of a disease caused by a protist

A

malaria

28
Q

How are protists often spread?

A

a vector

29
Q

True or false:
All fungi are single- celled

A

false - some are single-celled others have a body which is made up of hyphae (thread-like structure)

30
Q

What is a hyphae and how does it cause disease?

A
  1. thread like substance made up of multicellular fungi
    2.they can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing disease
  2. they can also produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals
31
Q

Is salmonella a fungal viral protist or bacterial disease?

A

bacterial disease

32
Q

Is salmonella a fungal viral protist or bacterial disease?

A

bacterial disease

33
Q

What does salmonella cause?

A

food poisoning

34
Q

What does salmonella cause?

A

food poisoning

35
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever,stomach cramps,vomiting,diarrhoea

36
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella caused by?

A

toxins that the bacteria releases

37
Q

how do you get salmonella food poisoning ?

A

eating food that has been contaminated with the bacteria e.g. eating chicken that caught the disease whilst it was alive.

38
Q

how is the spread of salmonella controlled in the uk

A

most poultry are given a vaccination against it .

39
Q

how is gonorrhoea transmitted

A

sexually transmitted

40
Q

is gonorrhoea a viral, bacterial or fungal disease

A

bacterial

41
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

pain when urinating
thick yellow or green discharge

42
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented

A

antibiotics
barrier methods of contraception

43
Q

what are the 4 different ways of reducing and preventing the spread of disease?

A

being hygenic- washing hands
destroying vectors- using insecticides or destroying their habitats
isolating infected individuals
vaccination

44
Q

Describe 4 features of the human body that prevent pathogens from entering and causing harm

A

the skin - acts as a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances which kill them.
hair and mucus in nose- trap particles that could contain pathogens
trachea and bronchi - secrete mucus to trap pathogens, lined with cilia to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
stomach- produces hydrochloric acid which kills the pathogens

45
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell?

A

helps protect against pathogens

46
Q

Name 3 ways your white blood cells protect you against pathogens

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Producing antibodies
  3. Produce antitoxins
47
Q

Explain phagocytosis

A

This is when white blood cells engulf foreign cells (or pathogens) and digest them

48
Q

Describe how white blood cells produce antibodies to protect from pathogens

A
  1. every pathogen has unique antigens on its surface
  2. when white blood cells (lymphocytes) detect a foreign antigen they produce antibodies specific to the antigens detected, The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.
  3. Antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body to destroy all similar pathogens
  4. if a person is infected with the same pathogen again, the lymphocytes will rapidly produce these antibodies to kill it (this means the person is immune to that pathogen)
49
Q

Describe how antitoxins protect against pathogens

A

they are produced by lymphocytes and they neutralise (counteract) toxins produced by invading bacteria

Biology (5 decks)

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