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Biology > Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

Homeostasis and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fill in the gaps:

Homeostasis is the ___________ of ________ conditions to maintain ________ conditions for ___________ activity and cell ____________.

A

-regulation
-internal
-optimal
-enzyme
-functions

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2
Q

What things need to be regulated in our body? (name 4)

A

-temperature
-blood glucose levels
-water levels
-ion content

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3
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

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5
Q

Fill in the gaps:

a bundle of neurons is called a _____

A

nerve

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6
Q

How is a neuron adapted to its function? (3 ways)

A

-long fibre axon so they can carry messages up and down the body over long distances
- insulating fatty myelin sheath increases the speed of nerve impulses along the neuron
- dendrons and dendrite branches recieve many nerve impulses from other neurons.

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7
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

takes information from the receptor to the central nervous system

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8
Q

What is the function of the motor neuron?

A

takes information from the central nervouse system to the effector

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9
Q

Fill in the blank:

When the electrical impulses reach the nerve ending it stimulates the release of chemicals called ___________________.
these diffuse across the _________ and bind to receptors on the surface of the second neuron.
an electrical triggered in the second neuron passes down the _____

A

-neurotransmitters
- synapse
-axon

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10
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the proccess of controlling body temperature

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11
Q

Fill in the blank:

Temperature is regulateed by the ________________ _________ in the brain (______________)

A
  • thermoregulatory centre
  • hypothalamus
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12
Q

Body temperature is detected by:

A
  • receptors in the thermoregulatory centre detect temperature of blood
  • temperature receptors in the skin
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13
Q

Name the steps of a conscious response

A

1, change in environment (stimulus)
2. change detected by receptor cells
3. impulses sent along the sensory neuron to the central nervous system
4. central nervous system decides how to respond to this information (co-ordinator)
5. impulses sent down the motor neuron to the effector (muscle or gland)
6. effector brings about the response to the stimuli

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14
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

contains light receptors

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15
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

refracts light, bends it as it enters the eye

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16
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

controls how much light enters the pupil

17
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Further refracts light to focus it onto the retina

18
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

tought white outer layer of the eye helps to protect the eye from injury

19
Q

What is the function of the opric nerve?

A

Carries impulses between the eye and the brain

20
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

small hole at the centre of the iris through which light enters the eye

21
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

controls the shape of the lens to help focus on an image

22
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament?

A

holds the lens in place

23
Q

Fill in the blank:

In dim light the muscles in the iris ______ to make the pupil __________ so that more light can enter the eye. in bright light, the muscles ____________ to make the pupil ________ so that less light can enter the eye.

A
  • relax
  • larger
  • contract
  • smaller
24
Q

What is the proccess of accomodation?

A

the proccess by which the lens changes shape in order to focus on an object

25
Q

What is long sightedness also known as?

A

hypermetropia

26
Q

What is short sightedness also known as?

A

myopia

27
Q

How can long sightedness be corrected?

A

a convex lens causes the light to be refracted more ensuring the image is focused on the retina rather than behind it

28
Q

How can short sightedness be corrected?

A

concave lens which causes light to be refracted less so that the image is focussed on the image rather than ahead of it

29
Q

What is the medulla responsible for (brain)

A

unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing rate

30
Q

what is the cerebral cortex responsible for (brain)

A

concerned with intelligence, personality, conscious thoughts, memory and language

31
Q

what is the cerebellum responsible for (brain)

A

balance, co-ordination of movement and muscular activity

32
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for? (brain)

A

near the pituitary gland, helps regulate the body including water levels, temperature and appetite

33
Q

How have neuroscientists been able to discover parts of the brain and its functions? (3 ways)

A
  • studying patients with brain damage and corelating the area damaged to the skill or function lost
  • electrically stimulating different parts of the brain and seeing what happens
  • using scanning techniques such as MRI or PET scans
34
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The endocrine system is made up of a collection of _______ which release _______________ to bring about a response to a stimulus.

A
  • glands
  • hormones
35
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that travel around the body in the blood

36
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland release?

A

ADH

37
Q

What does ADH do? and what does it target ?

A

controls the water content of the blood by increasing reabsorption of water by the collecting ducts (targets kidneys)

38
Q

to look at near objects the cilliary muscles ________ which slackens the _______ ligaments
the lens becomes ___
this increases the amount by which it ______ light

A

contract
suspensory
fat
refracts

39
Q

to look at distant objects , the ciliary muscles _____ which allows the suspensory ligaments to _____ tight
this make the lens go ____

A

relax
pull
thin

Biology (5 decks)

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