Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Cell biology - Topic 1 > Flashcards

Cell biology - Topic 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic
    -eukaryotic have a membrane bound DNA (the nucleus) but prokaryotic do not.
  • eukaryotic have membrane bound organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name prokaryotic cells

A

-bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name eukaryotic cells

A

-plant cells
-animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a cell?

A

smallest unit of a living thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? (animal + plant cell)

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm? (animal, plant + bacteria cell)

A

a solvent in which chemical reactions take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria (animal + plant cell)?

A

Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? (bacteria, anima + plant cells)

A

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts? (plant cells)

A

Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall? (plant + bacteria cells)

A

Made from cellulose fibres (only plant cell) and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How small is a eukaryotic cell?

A

5µm- 100µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How small is a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.2 µm - 2.0µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the Flagellum (bacteria cells)?

A

These can rotate or move in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the chromosomal DNA (bacteria cells)?

A

The DNA of bacterial cells is found loose in the cytoplasm and is not contained within a nucleus. It is a self- replicating genetic element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the plasmid DNA? (bacteria cells)

A

small, closed-circles of DNA called plasmids present in their cytoplasm. plasmid DNA can move from one bacterium to another which allows bacteria to tansfer genetic information between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

A

- Long tail (a tail to move them towards an egg cell.)
-Lots of Mitochondria( produce energy for the movement of the sperm)
- Pointy Head (allows the sperm to penetrate the egg)
- nucleus (contains genetic material which combines with the eggs genetic material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

A

- dendrite (receive many signals from other neurons)
- nucleus (responsible for cell function)
- long axon (carries nerve impulses away from the cell body over a large distance.)
myelin sheath (fatty insulator which helps speed up transmition of nerve impulses)
- synapse (connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to its function? (3 ways)

A

- protein filament (slide over each other to cause muscle contraction.)
- multiple nuclei (to enhance oxygen uptake and tissue repair)
- lots of mitochondria (provide the energy for muscle contraction.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to fertilise an egg, pass on its genetic information and produce the next generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

transmits electrical impulses from the body to the brain and back to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Thefunction of muscle cellsis to perform movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for its function? (2 ways)

A

-root hair ( increases surface area to increase the rate of absorption through osmosis.)
- mitochondria ( allow active transport of mineral ions from the soil and into the roots)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fill in the gaps:
Phloem cells transport ______ _________ through the plant in ____ directions (called ___________)
- _____ ______ containing ______ allow the movement of food
- made of ______ cells which are elongated and _____ to allow for the movement of substances.

A
  • organic substances
  • all
    -translocation
    -sieve plates
    -pores
  • living
    -hollow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fill in the gaps:
xylem cells transport _____ and ______ ions in ___ direction
- composed of ______ tubes strengthened by _____ adapted for the transport of water via the ___________ stream
-made of ____ cells

A
  • water and mineral ions
  • hollow
    -lignin
  • transpiration
    -dead
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is mitosis/ the cell cycle?

A

the cell cycle is a continuous cycle of stages that cells pass through to allow them to divide and produce new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do we need new cells (by mitosis)?

A

-growth
-repair damaged cells
- replace dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three stages involved in mitosis?

A
  • interphase (growth)
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
30
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

proteins and DNA organised into genes

31
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of DNA which controls part of the cells chemistry particularly protein production

32
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

46

33
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23

34
Q

Describe the first stage of the cell cycle

A

The cell grows and increases in mass, then replicates all its DNA and sub cellular structures in preperation for division

35
Q

Describe the second stage of the cell cycle

A

The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell by cell fibres and the DNA divides

36
Q

Describe the 3rd stage of the cell cycle

A

The cell membrane and cytoplasm divides to form 2 identical daughter cells

37
Q

What is a light microscope and how does it work?

A

They use the beams of light and lenses in order to magnify a living object to create an image.

38
Q

What does a light microscope allow you to see?

A

individual cells
large subcellular structures such as nuclei

39
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

a measure of the microscopes ability to distinguish between two points (higher resolution gives a sharper image)

40
Q

What is an electron microscope and how does it work?

A

electron microscopes use beams of electrons to make a magnified image they let us see smaller things in more detail

41
Q

What can an electron microscope allow you to see?

A

internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts
ribosomes
plasmids

42
Q

How does the electron microscope compare to the light microscope?

A

the electron microscope has a higher magnification and resolution

43
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification= image size / real size

44
Q

Describe how you would prepare your slide for the microscopy practical (5 steps)

A

1.use tweezers to peel of some epidermal tissue from an onion
2.add a drop of water to a clean slide
3. place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide
4. add a drop of iodine solution to stain the cell so structures can be seen
5. place a cover slip on top of the specimin

45
Q

Describe how you would use your light microscope to look at the slide

A
  1. clip the slide onto the stage
    2.select the lowest powered objective lens
  2. use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up just below the objective lens
  3. look down the eyepiece and use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
  4. adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until you see a clear image of what is on the slide
  5. to observe with greater magnification, swap to a higher powered objective lens and readjust the stage.
46
Q

What is the process of cell division and reproduction called in prokaryotic cells?

A

binary fission

47
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  1. the cell expands
  2. genetic material (plasmids and chromosomal DNA) replicate
  3. Chromosomal DNA is pulled to opposite poles of the cell
  4. cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall begins to grow
  5. cell divides and two daughter cells are produced each having one copy of chromosomall DNA but a variable number of plasmids
48
Q

In what conditions do bacteria usually divide the quickest?

A
  1. warm
  2. moist
  3. lots of nutrients
49
Q

Explain the culturing microorganisms required practical

A
  1. sterilize all your equipment (so no other bacteria is grown)
  2. an agar plate is prepared (hot agar jelly poured into shallow round plastic petri dishes)
  3. when the jelly is cooled and set, inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium. a sterile dropping pipette and cpreader could also be used to get an even covering of bacteria
  4. place a lid and secure with tape, label and store it upside down
    5.Incubate at a maximum temperature of 25°C in schools and colleges.
50
Q

Why must you Replace the lid as soon as possible, secure with tape. Label and invert the plate, and store upside down.
(culturing microorganisms practical)

A

1this stops additional unwanted bacteria in the air contaminating the plate.
2. Do not fully seal the lid, as this will stop oxygen reaching the bacterium, and this may encourage harmfulanaerobicbacteria to grow.
Labels are important, as this identifies the growing bacterium.
4. store upside down to stop drops of condensation falling onto the agar surface

51
Q

Why is bacteria cultured on agar plates?

A
  1. contain the carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins they need to grow
  2. they will form visible colonies on the surface of the jelly
52
Q

Why are the cultures of microorganisms in schools not kept above 25 degrees celcius

A

this reduces the chance of growing harmful pathogens which grow at above this temperature (or at body temp 37)

53
Q

Why are cultures incubated at higher temperatures in industrial conditions?

A

for quick growth

54
Q

How can you investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacteria growth (5 steps)

A
  1. place filter paper disks soaked in a variety of antibiotics (different concentrations of the same solution, or a variety of different solutions) onto an agar plate with an even coating of bacteria. leave some space between the discs
  2. antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow on the agar around the paper discs. non resistant strains will will die
    3.leave the plate for 48 hours at 25
  3. make sure you use a control ( paper disk that hasnt been soaked in antibiotic)
  4. a clear area where no bacteria has been able to grow will be left (inhibition zone)
55
Q

How can you investigate the effect of antibiotics on bacteria growth (5 steps)

A
  1. place filter paper disks soaked in a variety of antibiotics (different concentrations of the same solution, or a variety of different solutions) onto an agar plate with an even coating of bacteria. leave some space between the discs
  2. antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow on the agar around the paper discs. non resistant strains will will die
    3.leave the plate for 48 hours at 25
  3. make sure you use a control ( paper disk that hasnt been soaked in antibiotic)
  4. a clear area where no bacteria has been able to grow will be left (inhibition zone)
56
Q

How can equipment be sterilised?

A

heat to a high temperature
pass through a hot flame

57
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialised to a specific function

58
Q

what are undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

59
Q

True or false stem cells can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells

A

true

60
Q

true or false stem cells cant differentiate into other types of cells

A

false

61
Q

Name 2 places stem cells can be found in the body

A
  1. embryo
  2. bone marrow (in adults)
62
Q

Which type of cells can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?

A

any

63
Q

Which type of cells can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells

64
Q

Name 2 ways stem cells can be used to cure diseases

A
  1. bone marrow stem cells can be transferred from the bone marrow of a healthy peron to replace faulty blood cells in the patient that recieves them
  2. embryonic stem cells can replace faulty cells in sick people (nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries)
65
Q

What is therapeutic cloning and why is this useful?

A

creating a cloned embro to produce identical embryonic stem cells as the donor cell. This is to prevent the risk of the patients body rejecting the stem cells and it can help replace faulty cells in the patients body

66
Q

What is a risk of using stem cells in medicine?

A

stem cells grown in the lab could become contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient and make them sick

67
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research? and why might some poeple dissaprove of this argument?

A

each embryo is a potential life
but
embryos used in research are often unwanted ones from fertility clinics which would probably be destroyed if not used

68
Q

Where are stem cells in plants found?

A

meristems

69
Q

True or false
meristem stem cells can differentiate into any type of plant cell

A

true

70
Q

why is it useful that meristem stem cells can differentiate into any type of plant cell

A
  1. they can be used to create clones of plants quickly and at low cost
  2. they can be used to grow plants of rare species
  3. can be used to grow crops of identical plants that have desired features for farmers, for example, disease resistance

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions