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Biology > Cell biology - Topic 1 > Flashcards

Cell biology - Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic
    -eukaryotic have a membrane bound DNA (the nucleus) but prokaryotic do not.
  • eukaryotic have membrane bound organelles
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2
Q

Name prokaryotic cells

A

-bacteria

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3
Q

Name eukaryotic cells

A

-plant cells
-animal cells

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

smallest unit of a living thing

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? (animal + plant cell)

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

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6
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm? (animal, plant + bacteria cell)

A

a solvent in which chemical reactions take place.

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7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria (animal + plant cell)?

A

Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where most energy is released in respiration.

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8
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? (bacteria, anima + plant cells)

A

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

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9
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts? (plant cells)

A

Organelles that contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall? (plant + bacteria cells)

A

Made from cellulose fibres (only plant cell) and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.

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11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

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12
Q

How small is a eukaryotic cell?

A

5µm- 100µm

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13
Q

How small is a prokaryotic cell?

A

0.2 µm - 2.0µm

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14
Q

What is the function of the Flagellum (bacteria cells)?

A

These can rotate or move in a whip-like motion to move the bacterium.

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15
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

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16
Q

What is the function of the chromosomal DNA (bacteria cells)?

A

The DNA of bacterial cells is found loose in the cytoplasm and is not contained within a nucleus. It is a self- replicating genetic element.

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17
Q

What is the function of the plasmid DNA? (bacteria cells)

A

small, closed-circles of DNA called plasmids present in their cytoplasm. plasmid DNA can move from one bacterium to another which allows bacteria to tansfer genetic information between them.

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18
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

A

- Long tail (a tail to move them towards an egg cell.)
-Lots of Mitochondria( produce energy for the movement of the sperm)
- Pointy Head (allows the sperm to penetrate the egg)
- nucleus (contains genetic material which combines with the eggs genetic material)

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19
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to its function? (4 ways)

A

- dendrite (receive many signals from other neurons)
- nucleus (responsible for cell function)
- long axon (carries nerve impulses away from the cell body over a large distance.)
myelin sheath (fatty insulator which helps speed up transmition of nerve impulses)
- synapse (connect neurons and help transmit information from one neuron to the next.)

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20
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to its function? (3 ways)

A

- protein filament (slide over each other to cause muscle contraction.)
- multiple nuclei (to enhance oxygen uptake and tissue repair)
- lots of mitochondria (provide the energy for muscle contraction.)

21
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to fertilise an egg, pass on its genetic information and produce the next generation.

22
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

transmits electrical impulses from the body to the brain and back to the body

23
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Thefunction of muscle cellsis to perform movement.

24
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for its function? (2 ways)

A

-root hair ( increases surface area to increase the rate of absorption through osmosis.)
- mitochondria ( allow active transport of mineral ions from the soil and into the roots)

25
Q

Fill in the gaps:
Phloem cells transport ______ _________ through the plant in ____ directions (called ___________)
- _____ ______ containing ______ allow the movement of food
- made of ______ cells which are elongated and _____ to allow for the movement of substances.

A
  • organic substances
  • all
    -translocation
    -sieve plates
    -pores
  • living
    -hollow
26
Q

Fill in the gaps:
xylem cells transport _____ and ______ ions in ___ direction
- composed of ______ tubes strengthened by _____ adapted for the transport of water via the ___________ stream
-made of ____ cells

A
  • water and mineral ions
  • hollow
    -lignin
  • transpiration
    -dead
27
Q

What is mitosis/ the cell cycle?

A

the cell cycle is a continuous cycle of stages that cells pass through to allow them to divide and produce new cells

28
Q

Why do we need new cells (by mitosis)?

A

-growth
-repair damaged cells
- replace dead cells

29
Q

What are the three stages involved in mitosis?

A
  • interphase (growth)
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis
30
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

proteins and DNA organised into genes

31
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of DNA which controls part of the cells chemistry particularly protein production

32
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

46

33
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23

34
Q

Describe the first stage of the cell cycle

A

The cell grows and increases in mass, then replicates all its DNA and sub cellular structures in preperation for division

35
Q

Describe the second stage of the cell cycle

A

The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell by cell fibres and the DNA divides

36
Q

Describe the 3rd stage of the cell cycle

A

The cell membrane and cytoplasm divides to form 2 identical daughter cells

37
Q

What is a light microscope and how does it work?

A

They use the beams of light and lenses in order to magnify a living object to create an image.

38
Q

What does a light microscope allow you to see?

A

individual cells
large subcellular structures such as nuclei

39
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

a measure of the microscopes ability to distinguish between two points (higher resolution gives a sharper image)

40
Q

What is an electron microscope and how does it work?

A

electron microscopes use beams of electrons to make a magnified image they let us see smaller things in more detail

41
Q

What can an electron microscope allow you to see?

A

internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts
ribosomes
plasmids

42
Q

How does the electron microscope compare to the light microscope?

A

the electron microscope has a higher magnification and resolution

43
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification= image size / real size

44
Q

Describe how you would prepare your slide for the microscopy practical (5 steps)

A

1.use tweezers to peel of some epidermal tissue from an onion
2.add a drop of water to a clean slide
3. place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide
4. add a drop of iodine solution to stain the cell so structures can be seen
5. place a cover slip on top of the specimin

45
Q

Describe how you would use your light microscope to look at the slide

A
  1. clip the slide onto the stage
    2.select the lowest powered objective lens
  2. use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up just below the objective lens
  3. look down the eyepiece and use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
  4. adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob until you see a clear image of what is on the slide
  5. to observe with greater magnification, swap to a higher powered objective lens and readjust the stage.
46
Q

What is the process of cell division and reproduction called in prokaryotic cells?

A

binary fission

47
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  1. the cell expands
  2. genetic material (plasmids and chromosomal DNA) replicate
  3. Chromosomal DNA is pulled to opposite poles of the cell
  4. cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall begins to grow
  5. cell divides and two daughter cells are produced each having one copy of chromosomall DNA but a variable number of plasmids
48
Q

In what conditions do bacteria usually divide the quickest?

A
  1. warm
  2. moist
  3. lots of nutrients

Biology (5 decks)

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