Topic 3 - Infection and response Flashcards
What are stents?
Wire mesh tubes that can be inserted inside arteries to widen them and keep them open.
What are statins?
These are drugs that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream.
What treatments are there for cardiovascular disease?
Stents, statins, artificial hearts, replacement heart valves
What are the advantages of stents?
- Lowers risk of heart attack
- recovery time from surgery is short
- effective for a long time
What are the disadvantages of stents?
- High risk of infection after surgery
- higher risk of heart attack during surgery
- risk of blood clot around stent
What are the pros of statins?
- Lowers the risk of strokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease
- increases good HDL cholesterol/
What are the cons of statins?
- Long term treatment length
- side effects such as liver damage, kidney failure, memory loss and muscle pain.
- not instant
What are the pros of artitificial hearts?
- less likely to be rejected by body
What are the cons of artificial hearts?
- can lead to infection
- blood doestn’t flow as well, leading to blood clots
what are the pros of replacement heart valves?
Less drastic than heart transplant
What are the cons of replacement heart valves?
- can lead to blood clots.
What risk factors may cause heart disease?
1.smoking
2.unhealthy foods
3.stress
4.not enough excercise
5.drugs
6.alcohol
7.genetics
8.high blood pressure
what are enzymes?
enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
What is amylase?
A digestive enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
what is the active site?
A unique shape on the enzyme, which fits onto the substance involved in the reaction.
What is a substrate?
Teh reactants that enter the active site
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
The active site denatures, so they can no longer bind to the substrate.
Where is amylase produced?
pancreas, slaivary glands and small intestines.
What does lipase do?
breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
Where is lipase produced?
pancreas and small intestine
Where does lipase work?
small intestine
What does protease do ?
breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Where is protease made?
stomach, pancreas and small intestines
where does protease work?
stomach and small intestines
How does bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
How do bacteria cause diseases?
They reproduce rapidly inside your body, and release toxins which damage the body
How do viruses reproduce?
They inject genetic material into living cells to turn them into virus factories
How do viruses cause disease?
Viruses damage cells when they reproduce.
What 7 pathogens do you need to know about?
- measles
- HIV
- Black spots
- Malaria
- Tobacco mosaic virus
- Salmonella
- Gonhorrhea
What does measles do?
- takes over macrophages
- takes over dentritic cells
- attacks immune system
- infects intestines, liver, lungs and spleen
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids
Why is HIV so difficult to treat?
It has a high mutation rate.
How long can HIV be asymptomatic for?
8 years
What does HIV do?
HIV attacks white blood cells, and when the white blood cells fall to a certain level, it causes AIDS.
WHat do black spots do?
infects leaves and creates black spots.
How do we cure black spots?
With fungicides.
What are pathogens?
Pathogens are micro organisms that cause infectious disease.
What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Distinct mosaic like discolouration on leaves
What effects does Tobacco Mosaic Virus have on plants?
Affects growth as photosynthesis can’t occur effieciently.
How can we control Tobacco Mosaic Virus?
Control by removing affected leaves.
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
- Fever
- abdominal cramps
- diarrhoea
- vomiting
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea
1.Green discharge from penis/vagina
2.pain when urinating
What is rose black spot caused by?
A fungus
What are 4 ways the human body stops pathogens from getting in?
- Nasal hairs and sticky mucus
- Stomach acid
- Respiratory system is lined with mucus.
- Skin + Sebum which is anti-antimicrobial
How are foreign pathogens identified?
By antigens
How do white blood cels defend the body?
- They engulf the pathogens and digest them
- Produce specific antibodies to destroy pathogens
- Release anti-toxins to neutralise toxins.
What does a vaccine contain?
A small amount of dead or inactive form of a pathogen
How does a vaccine make you immune?
- White blood cells detect dead/inactive pathogens and release antibodies
- The vaccine pathogen is destroyed
- When the body is re-infected with the same pathogen, white blood cells respond quickly with the right antibodies to kill the real pathogens.
Why is it hard to develop drugs to kill viruses?
Viruses reproduce inside cells, so it is hard to kill without damaging cells.
Why can’t we use too much antibiotics?
Bacteria can mutate, which can make them resistant to antibiotics.
Why is it bad to not finish the full antibiotic course?
Because if you do not finish, not all the bacteria could be killed, meaning the bacteria may reproduce again, and the build up of anitbiotic resistance .
Where was aspirin first found?
In Willow bark
Where does digitalis come from?
Foxglove plants
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming.
What 3 factors, must new drugs be tested on?
- efficacy
- Toxicity
- Dosage
What are the steps for a new drug being developed?
- Preclinical tests, where the drug is tested on cells, tissue and live animals, to find it’s initial efficacy, toxicity and dosage amount.
- Then the drug enters clinical trials
- First healthy volunteers try small doses of the drug to make sure it is safe
- Then a small group of patients dry the drug at low dosage.
- Then a larger number of patients are trialled to find the optimum dosage
- Finally, a double blind trial occurs to see how effective the new drug is.
What is a double blind trial?
A double blind trial is where both the doctor and patient don’t know whether the patient is receiving the placebo or real drug. This is to ensure the drug is actually doing something, and that it isn’t the placebo effect, and to prevent potential bias
What is a monoclonal antibody?
Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody, made in a lab.
How do we produce monoclonal antibodies?
- A mouse is injected with a pathogen
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies
- B lymphocytes are then fused with rapidly dividing mouse tumour cells.
- The new cells are called hybridomas
- The hybridomas divide rapidly and release lots of antibodies, which are collected.
What can we use monoclonal antibodies for?
We can use them to target specific chemicals, or specific cells in the body.
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?
- The monoclonal antibodies are specific to the antigen on cancer cells
- A chemical which stops cells dividing is bound to the antibodies
- The antibodies attach to the receptors on cancer cells
- And the chemical stops the cancer from dividing.
What are the ethical issues with monoclonal antibodies?
- mice are injected with pathogens and induced with cancer
- There have been human deaths when treating multiple sclerosis
What does a lack of nitrate ions cause?
stunted growth of plants,as they can make less proteins
What does a lack of magnesium cause?
Chlorosis, the yellowing of leaves due to a lack of chlorophyll.
What are the 4 ways plants defend themselves agains pathogens and animals.
- Thick waxy layers, bark and tough cell walls
- Some leaves can curl up from touch
- Antibacterial and poison can be found in plants
- Thorns
