Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards
Put these in order from larger to smaller: tissue, organ, cell, organism, organ system
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
What is an organism?
A group of organ systems working together.
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells with a similar structure and function.
What is digestion?
Digestion is when large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood stream.
What is bile for?
it emulsifies fat to form small droplets, and neutralises stomach acid.
Where is bile made and then stored?
- the liver
- then the gall bladder
Where does the right ventricle pump blood?
It pumps blood to the lungs
Where does the left ventricle pump blood?
It pumps blood around the body.
What do the coronary arteries do?
Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Where is the pacemaker?
In the right atrium.
What are the properties of arteries?
- Carry blood away from heart
- Thick muscular tissue for walls.
- Small lumen
- Carry blood under high pressure
What are the properties of veins?
- Carry blood to the heart
- Thin walls
- Large lumen
- Carry blood under low pressure
- Have valves
What are the properties of capillaries?
- Connects arteries and veins
- Once cell thick
- Carry blood under very low pressure
What is blood made up of?
- Plasma 55%
- Red blood cells 45%
- White blood cells<1%
- Platelets<1%
What is plasma, and what does it transport?
- It is a pale yellow fluid part of the blood
- Carries CO2, water, hormones and waste.
What adaptations do red blood cells have?
- Have no nucleus
- Have heamoglobin to carry O2
- Have alarge surface area to volume ration for faster diffusion.
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
Yes
What are platelets?
Platelets are tiny fragments of cells, which clump together to from blood clots.
What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?
- Smoking and high blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Not enough excercise
What causes Coronary heart disease?
Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing the blood flow. Meaning a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.
What are the symptoms of faulty heart valves?
- short of breath
- Swelling in ankles and feet
- Unusually tired
What is the Meristem?
The meristem is found at the tips of roots and shoots and is where cell differentiation occurs.
What is transpiration?
When a xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from roots to the stems and leaves, and eventually evaporated out the plant
What is translocation?
When phloem tissue transports dissolved sugard from the leaves to the rest of the plant for use or storage.
What is xylem made out of?
Hollow tubes, strengthened with lignin.
What are phloems made of?
Composed of elongated cells, with pores in the end walls.
What is the difference in flow, between xylem and phloem?
- Xylem only allows flow in one direction
- Phloem allows flow in both directions;
What does amylase break down?
Starch –> maltose
How can we investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
- Put drop of iodine into every well of a spotting tile
- place beaker of water on top of the tripod and gauze, over a bunsen burner, and heat until 35C
- Add 1cm^3 of amylase solution and 1cm^3 of buffer solution with pH5 to boiling tube
- Place in beaker of water and wait five mins
- Add 5cm^3 of starch solution to the boiling tube
- Mix the contents and start the clock
- Continuously sample by adding a drop of the sample every 30 seconds, and adding it into a well.
- Once the iodine remains browny orange, starch is no longer present.
- repeat for different pH solutions.
- Record time taken for each one
Where is amylase produced?
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- small intestine
Where is protease produced?
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Where is lipase produced?
- pancreas
- small intestine
What is the benedicts test for reducing sugars?
1.Add food sample to test tube
2.add benedict’s solution to a test tube
3.Place test tube in water bath at 75C
4.If sugar is present, it will turn: green, yellow if low or brick red if high, from blue
Whaty is the iodine test for starch?
- Add iodine solution to a food sample, and gently shake
- If it contains starch, it will change from browny-orange to black or blue black
What is the Buiret test for proteins?
- Add food sample to test tube
- Add biuret solution and shake and mix
- If it has protein, it will change from blue to purple
What is the Sudan III test for lipids?
- Add sample of food to test tube
- Add 3 drops of Sudan II solution and gently shake
- It should stain the lipids, so if they’re present, it will separate into 2 layers, the top will be bright red
- Else: no separate lauer will form.
Why does bile need to neutralise stomach acid?
- The HCl in the stomach is too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine
- Bile is aklaline, so neutralises the acid and makes the conditions alkaline, which is where the enzymes work best.
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function
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