Topic 3- Infection and response

Question 1

How does bacteria cause disease?

Answer 1

Once inside the body, they divide rapidly by binary fission, they kill cells and produce harmful toxins

Question 2

How do viruses cause diseases?

Answer 2

Invade and reproduce inside living body cells leading to cell damage.

Question 3

Ways viruses can spread:

Answer 3

• Air- flu
• Water- fungal spores
• Direct contact- STDS, plants

Question 4

How can the spread of pathogens be reduced?

Answer 4

• Handwashing
• Reducing contacts (quarantine)
• Vaccination

Question 5

What is salmonella? symptoms?

Answer 5

Type of bacteria found in raw meat, affect natural gut bacteria

• fever
• abdominal cramping
• diarrhoea
• vomiting

Question 6

How can spread of salmonella be limited?

Answer 6

• poultry vaccination
• raw meat away from cooked meat
• disinfect hands and surfaces

Question 7

What is gonorrhoea?

Answer 7

STD spread by unprotected sex, caused by bacteria,
symptoms- pain when urinating, yellow or green discharge.
prevented- condoms, antibiotics (no longer use penicillin as strains have become resistant)

Question 8

What is a vaccination?

Answer 8

contains a dead or inactivated form of the pathogen which stimulates white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies to the pathogen. in case of getting infected a second time, memory cells can quickly produce those antibodies.

Question 9

what is herd immunity?

Answer 9

if a sufficiently high proportion of the population are immune to the disease, the spread of disease will be limited. (so people being vaccinated)

Question 10

Advantages/Disadvantages to vaccines

Answer 10

A
-eradicated many deadly diseases (smallpox)
-many epidemics prevented
-herd immunity protects those who cannot get vaccine
D
-Might not work as cant fight against multiple strains
-may have side effects

Question 11

What drug is used to cure some bacterial diseases?

Answer 11

Antibiotics can kill bacterial pathogens inside the body.

Question 12

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 12

They kill bacterial pathogen cells not human cells. right antibiotic should be used for specific bacteria.

Question 13

Why can’t we use antibiotics on viruses?

Answer 13

The viral pathogens live inside the hosts cells so you cannot create an antibiotic that wont effect the human cells.

Question 14

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 14

When mutations lead to individual bacteria being resistant to an antibiotic. So these bacteria can reproduce leading to more resistant bacteria.

Question 15

How to avoid Antibiotic resistance:

Answer 15

• avoid overuse and unnecessary use

- finish antibiotic course (to make sure all bacteria killed)

Question 16

What effect do painkiller have on infectious diseases and what is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?

Answer 16

Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain and antibiotics kill the bacteria. so the painkillers will only reduce the pain, not erase it.

Question 17

What plant is the heart drug digitalis from?

Answer 17

foxglove

Question 17

What plant is the heart drug digitalis from?

Answer 17

foxglove

Question 18

What painkiller originates from a compound found in willow bark?

Answer 18

Aspirin

Question 19

Who discovered penicillin and from where?

Answer 19

Alexander fleming

from a type of mould

Question 20

Three main factors that are tested in for new drugs:

Answer 20

• Toxicity
• efficacy
• dose

Question 21

How is clinical testing carried out?

Answer 21

• Using healthy volunteers and patients
• low dose used on healthy people, high on patients to find optimum does.
• Not test drug used, but one group get a placebo while another doesnts to test efficacy

Question 22

Explain single-blind and double-blind trials.

Answer 22

single-blind (only doctor know if its placebo or not)

double-blind (neither doctor nor patient know to remove bias)

Question 23

How do aphids(sap sucking bugs) cause damage to plants?

Answer 23

using their sharp mouth , they extract sap from the plant phloem, weakening plant. they can also spread disease from ill to healthy plants

Question 24

How to remove aphids-

Answer 24

• chemical pesticides

- biological pest control (ladybugs)

Question 25

why do plants need a good supply of nitrate ions?

Answer 25

nitrate ions are needed to convert sugars into proteins to grow. No nitrate ions= no growth

Question 26

Why do plants need a good supply of magnesium ions?

Answer 26

Magnesium ions are required to synthesise chlorophyll, which absorbs light during photosynthesis.

Question 27

What is chlorosis?

Answer 27

When leaves turn yellow due to lack of photosynthesis

Question 28

7 symptoms of disease in plants?

Answer 28

• stunted growth
• yellow leaves
• decay
• pests presence
• malformation
• spottled leaves
• discolouration

Question 29

three ways plant diseases can be identified

Answer 29

• lab testing
• monoclonal antibody test kits
• manuals

Question 30

physical defences responses of planting

Answer 30

• cellulose cell walls
• leaf fall
• tough waxy cuticles on leaves