Topic 3- Infection and response Flashcards
How does bacteria cause disease?
Once inside the body, they divide rapidly by binary fission, they kill cells and produce harmful toxins
How do viruses cause diseases?
Invade and reproduce inside living body cells leading to cell damage.
Ways viruses can spread:
- Air- flu
- Water- fungal spores
- Direct contact- STDS, plants
How can the spread of pathogens be reduced?
- Handwashing
- Reducing contacts (quarantine)
- Vaccination
What is salmonella? symptoms?
Type of bacteria found in raw meat, affect natural gut bacteria
- fever
- abdominal cramping
- diarrhoea
- vomiting
How can spread of salmonella be limited?
- poultry vaccination
- raw meat away from cooked meat
- disinfect hands and surfaces
What is gonorrhoea?
STD spread by unprotected sex, caused by bacteria,
symptoms- pain when urinating, yellow or green discharge.
prevented- condoms, antibiotics (no longer use penicillin as strains have become resistant)
What is a vaccination?
contains a dead or inactivated form of the pathogen which stimulates white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies to the pathogen. in case of getting infected a second time, memory cells can quickly produce those antibodies.
what is herd immunity?
if a sufficiently high proportion of the population are immune to the disease, the spread of disease will be limited. (so people being vaccinated)
Advantages/Disadvantages to vaccines
A
-eradicated many deadly diseases (smallpox)
-many epidemics prevented
-herd immunity protects those who cannot get vaccine
D
-Might not work as cant fight against multiple strains
-may have side effects
What drug is used to cure some bacterial diseases?
Antibiotics can kill bacterial pathogens inside the body.
How do antibiotics work?
They kill bacterial pathogen cells not human cells. right antibiotic should be used for specific bacteria.
Why can’t we use antibiotics on viruses?
The viral pathogens live inside the hosts cells so you cannot create an antibiotic that wont effect the human cells.
What is antibiotic resistance?
When mutations lead to individual bacteria being resistant to an antibiotic. So these bacteria can reproduce leading to more resistant bacteria.
How to avoid Antibiotic resistance:
- avoid overuse and unnecessary use
- finish antibiotic course (to make sure all bacteria killed)
What effect do painkiller have on infectious diseases and what is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?
Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain and antibiotics kill the bacteria. so the painkillers will only reduce the pain, not erase it.
What plant is the heart drug digitalis from?
foxglove
What plant is the heart drug digitalis from?
foxglove
What painkiller originates from a compound found in willow bark?
Aspirin
Who discovered penicillin and from where?
Alexander fleming
from a type of mould
Three main factors that are tested in for new drugs:
- Toxicity
- efficacy
- dose
How is clinical testing carried out?
- Using healthy volunteers and patients
- low dose used on healthy people, high on patients to find optimum does.
- Not test drug used, but one group get a placebo while another doesnts to test efficacy
Explain single-blind and double-blind trials.
single-blind (only doctor know if its placebo or not)
double-blind (neither doctor nor patient know to remove bias)
How do aphids(sap sucking bugs) cause damage to plants?
using their sharp mouth , they extract sap from the plant phloem, weakening plant. they can also spread disease from ill to healthy plants
How to remove aphids-
- chemical pesticides
- biological pest control (ladybugs)
why do plants need a good supply of nitrate ions?
nitrate ions are needed to convert sugars into proteins to grow. No nitrate ions= no growth
Why do plants need a good supply of magnesium ions?
Magnesium ions are required to synthesise chlorophyll, which absorbs light during photosynthesis.
What is chlorosis?
When leaves turn yellow due to lack of photosynthesis
7 symptoms of disease in plants?
- stunted growth
- yellow leaves
- decay
- pests presence
- malformation
- spottled leaves
- discolouration
three ways plant diseases can be identified
- lab testing
- monoclonal antibody test kits
- manuals
physical defences responses of planting
- cellulose cell walls
- leaf fall
- tough waxy cuticles on leaves
