- Small circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA - carries genes that provide genetic advantages

Topic 1- Cell Biology Flashcards by hibah zaman

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

Eukaryotes (plant and animal)

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What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.

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What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

Peptidoglycan (makes the cell stronger, determines the cell)

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How is genetic material stored in a prokaryotic cell?

Chromosomal DNA

- Plasmid DNA

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What are Plasmids?

Small circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA
carries genes that provide genetic advantages

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What is order of magnitude?

N= a x 10 to the power of b
N= order of magnitude of a number
a= integer a
b= order of magnitude of a number

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What is a centimetre?

1x10 to the power of -2 metres

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What is a millimetre?

1x10 to the power of 10 to the power of -3 metres

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What is a micrometre?

1x10 to the power of -6 metres

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What is a nanometre?

1x10 to the power of -9 metres

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List the components of both animal and plant cells

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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list the additional components found in plant cells

Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell wall

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What is the function of the nucleus?

Stores genetic material

- Controls the cells functions

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Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

Fluid component of the cell

- Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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What is the function of the cytoplasm?

cellular

Where cellular reactions happen

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls what comes in and out the cell.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell.

- Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Joins amino acid in a specific order during translation for the synthesis(making of) of proteins.

What is the plant cell wall made up of and what is its function?

Cellulose

- provides strength, prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis.

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

think baking

Cell sap, a solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.

Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function.

Haploid nucleus (cell with half normal amount of chromosomes(gametes)) contains genetic material
Tail enables movement
Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement
Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

Describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted to their function.

Axons are long so they can carry messages up and down the body over long distances.

Describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted to their function
(think walls and absorbption)

Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water.

Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.

Describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted to their function (think water flow and walls)

- No upper or lower margins between cells to provide a continuous route for water flow. - Thick, woody side walls strengthen their structure and prevent collapse.

What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria

electron microscope

What are gametes?

Human reproductive cells, sex cells. Female, ova (egg cells) Male, sperm.

What are the functions of xylem and phloem cell?

The xylem distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots.

Describe cell differentiation

The process during which unspecialised cells take on individual characteristics and reach their specialised form and function. As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells. • Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage. • Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

How has microscopy techniques developed over time?

- 1590s, compound microscope, (Janssen) - 1650, observed and drew cells using compound microscope, (Robert Hooke) - Late 1600s, microscope constructed with one spherical lens (x275), (Antonie) - 1800s, Optical quality increased, similar to what we use today.

Explain how electron microscopy has increased | understanding of sub-cellular structures.

They can work out about how things functions by knowing the structure of things. The development of the electron microscopes therefore helped scientists to learn about the sub-cellular structures involved in aerobic respiration called mitochondria .

What is the difference between a light and electron microscope?

An electron microscope: higher magnification higher resolving power This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail.

Describe the stages of the cell cycle

-During the cell cycle the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells. -Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. -The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.

Describe mitosis

In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides. Finally the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.

What is a stem cell?

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.