Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nature vs Nuture > Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid
- polymer made up of many subunits (nucleotides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is DNA in a cell?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix formed by complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the relationship between chromosomes, DNA and genes.

A

DNA is packed tightly into chromosomes which code for genes and traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is a subunit in DNA that is made up of 3 parts.
- phosphate
- deoxyribose sugar
- nitrogenous base
they are joined together by sugar phosphate groups which forms a backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA? What base pairs with what?

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
A+T, C+G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What bonds hold together the bases in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

how genes make a protein
- transcription (DNA -> mRNA)
- translation (mRNA -> protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is initiation?

A
  • RNA polymerase binds
    to a part of a gene called the promoter
  • which causes the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases in one of the strands
  • The enzyme then makes a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is elongation?

A
  • complementary nucleotides are added to synthesise an mRNA strand
  • RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is termination?

A
  • ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase
    crosses a termination sequence in the gene
  • the mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 1st step of translation?

A

mRNA moves through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the 2nd step of translation?

A

mRNA attaches to the ribosome and the ribosome moves along the mRNA strand reading the codons, translation begings at AUG

17
Q

What is the 3rd step of translation?

A

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules ferry the amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome

18
Q

What is the 4th step of translation?

A

tRNA links with the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the codon of the mRNA

19
Q

What is the 5th step of translation?

A

a peptide bond forms between the adjoining amino acids, forming a polypeptide
- tRNA is removed to be used again

20
Q

What is the 6th step of translation?

A

protein production stops when the STOP codon is reached
don’t write stop
mRNA breaks away from the ribosomes

21
Q

What is mRNA?

A

messenger RNA

22
Q

How is mRNA paired with DNA? Bases?

A

Adenine + Uracil
Cytosine + Guanine

23
Q

What is the role of the ribosome?

A

making proteins

24
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucelotides in mRNA

25
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA that corresponds to an mRNA amino acid

26
Q

What is tRNA + role?

A

transfer RNA
- ferry amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome

27
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Mutations are changes in genetic
material (DNA and genes)

28
Q

When do mutations occur?

A
  1. Errors in DNA replication
  2. enduced by mutagens (environmental factors that change DNA)
29
Q

What are mutagens?

A
  • X-rays/radiation
  • Chemicals, poisons
  • UV light
  • Viruses
30
Q

What is point mutation? eg

A

change in a single base pair of DNA by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a single nitrogenous base. . eg.Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia

31
Q

How is a point mutation different from a deletion/addition mutation?

A

point mutations is when one base pair is replaced by another and insertions or deletions is when nucleotides are added or removed.

32
Q

How do mutations impact protein synthesis?

A
  1. DNA affected
  2. mRNA not copied properly
  3. codes for wrong amino acid
  4. formation of incorrect protein/part of polypeptide is missing/no functioning protein
33
Q

What are some diseases that are caused by genetic mutations?

A

Huntington’s Disease
Sickle cell anemia

34
Q

How is huntington’s disease caused and what are some symptoms?

A
  • Mutations in a gene
  • DNA segment of cytosine, adenine and guanine that appear multiple times in a row. (normaly 10-35 times, HD 120 times)
  • depression
  • stumbling and clumsiness
  • mood swings
35
Q

How is sickle cell anemia caused and what are some symptoms?

A
  • Only one amino acid changes in the haemoglobin
  • haemoglobin still functions but it folds differently, changing the shape of the red blood cell, and affecting the way it can carry oxygen.
  • swelling of hands and feet
  • Vision problems
  • delayed growth or puberty

Nature vs Nuture (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions