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Biology > Topic 3 - Exchange of gas + material > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Exchange of gas + material Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange surfaces

A

Areas where substances cross cell membranes.

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2
Q

Surface area:volume ratio

A

Relationship between organism size and surface area.

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3
Q

High surface area:volume ratio

A

Facilitates efficient material exchange.

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4
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of substances across membranes without energy.

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5
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration across a space.

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6
Q

Gas exchange

A

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

Single-celled organisms

A

Organisms relying on diffusion for gas exchange.

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8
Q

Tracheae

A

Tubes in insects for gas exchange.

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9
Q

Tracheoles

A

Smaller tubes extending from tracheae to tissues.

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10
Q

Waterproof cuticle

A

Insect covering to prevent water loss.

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11
Q

Spiracles

A

Openings in insects for gas exchange control.

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air to enhance gas exchange.

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13
Q

Respiration

A

Process of using oxygen to release energy.

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14
Q

Heat loss in mammals

A

Smaller mammals lose heat faster per gram.

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15
Q

Diffusion distances

A

Distance substances travel during diffusion.

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16
Q

Amoebae

A

Single-celled organisms using diffusion for gas exchange.

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17
Q

Chitin

A

Material forming insect tracheae hairs.

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18
Q

Body shape adaptations

A

Changes to enhance exchange in larger organisms.

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19
Q

Internal organs

A

Structures improving exchange efficiency in multicellular organisms.

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20
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

Using oxygen for respiration in cells.

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21
Q

Carbon dioxide production

A

Waste from respiration needing to exit cells.

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22
Q

Water potential gradient

A

Difference in water concentration affecting evaporation.

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23
Q

Muscle contractions

A

Help ventilate tracheoles during increased respiration.

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24
Q

Evaporation prevention

A

Insects’ need to conserve water during gas exchange.

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25
Q

Maximized concentration gradients

A

Enhances diffusion rates by increasing differences.

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26
Q

Surface area increase

A

Larger areas facilitate better gas exchange.

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27
Q

Gills

A

Organs in fish for gas exchange.

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28
Q

Gill Filaments

A

Structures that increase surface area for gas exchange.

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29
Q

Lamellae

A

Flattened epithelial cells in gills reducing diffusion distance.

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30
Q

Capillaries

A

Small blood vessels carrying oxygen away from gills.

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31
Q

Counter-Current Principle

A

Blood flows opposite to water for efficient gas exchange.

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32
Q

Diffusion Gradient

A

Difference in concentration driving gas exchange.

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33
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny openings in leaves for gas exchange.

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34
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Leaf tissue facilitating gas movement and exchange.

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35
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from leaves due to evaporation.

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36
Q

Xerophytes

A

Plants adapted to survive in dry environments.

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37
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Waterproof layer preventing water loss from leaves.

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38
Q

Leaf Hairs

A

Structures trapping humid air to reduce water loss.

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39
Q

Reduced Leaf Surface Area

A

Adaptation to minimize water evaporation.

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40
Q

Trachea

A

Main airway supported by cartilage rings.

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41
Q

Bronchi

A

Airways branching from the trachea to lungs.

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42
Q

Ciliated Epithelial Cells

A

Cells that move mucus and trap particles.

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43
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Cells secreting mucus in respiratory tract.

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44
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller airways controlling airflow to alveoli.

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45
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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46
Q

Epithelial Cells

A

Cells forming the lining of alveoli.

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47
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Cells lining blood capillaries.

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48
Q

Surface Area

A

Total area available for gas exchange.

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49
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration promoting diffusion.

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50
Q

Diffusion Distance

A

Distance gases must travel for exchange.

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51
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of moving air in and out of lungs.

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52
Q

Oxygen Diffusion

A

Movement of oxygen from alveoli to blood.

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53
Q

Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

A

Movement of CO2 from blood to alveoli.

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54
Q

Inspiration

A

Air intake process involving diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

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55
Q

Expiration

A

Air release process involving diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

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56
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Air volume taken into lungs per time (dm3min-1).

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57
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled at rest (dm3).

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58
Q

Ventilation rate

A

Number of breaths taken per minute (min-1).

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59
Q

Pulmonary ventilation formula

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate.

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60
Q

Emphysema

A

Lung disease reducing oxygen diffusion rate.

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61
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Lung disease increasing diffusion distance via scar tissue.

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62
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in lungs for gas exchange.

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63
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Tissue aiding lung recoil during expiration.

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64
Q

Correlation

A

Statistical relationship between two variables.

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65
Q

Causal link

A

Direct cause-and-effect relationship between factors.

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66
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme breaking down starch into maltose.

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67
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide formed from starch digestion.

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68
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Enzyme hydrolyzing peptide bonds within proteins.

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69
Q

Exopeptidase

A

Enzyme hydrolyzing peptide bonds at ends of peptides.

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70
Q

Dipeptidase

A

Enzyme converting dipeptides into amino acids.

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71
Q

Bile salts

A

Substances emulsifying lipids for digestion.

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72
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids.

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73
Q

Micelles

A

Structures formed by lipids and bile salts.

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74
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical breakdown of compounds by water.

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75
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

Bonds linking glucose molecules in starch.

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76
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Bonds linking amino acids in proteins.

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77
Q

Triglycerides

A

Main form of stored fat in the body.

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78
Q

Ileum

A

Final part of small intestine for absorption.

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79
Q

Surface area

A

Total area available for absorption or reaction.

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80
Q

Elastic recoil

A

Lungs returning to original shape after expiration.

81
Q

Sodium ions

A

Transported actively into blood from epithelial cells.

82
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.

83
Q

Co-transport protein

A

Facilitates simultaneous transport of sodium and glucose.

84
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.

85
Q

Monoglycerides

A

Products of triglyceride breakdown, lipid soluble.

86
Q

Micelles

A

Aggregates that help transport lipids across membranes.

87
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of triglyceride reformation in epithelial cells.

88
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Protein-coated droplets transporting triglycerides in lymph.

89
Q

Lacteals

A

Small vessels carrying lymph, absorb chylomicrons.

90
Q

Hydrolysed triglycerides

A

Converted back to monoglycerides and fatty acids.

91
Q

Mass transport

A

Movement of substances over long distances in organisms.

92
Q

Pressure gradients

A

Differences in pressure driving mass transport.

93
Q

Double circulation

A

Blood returns to heart after oxygenation in lungs.

94
Q

Coronary artery

A

Supplies blood to the heart muscle.

95
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

96
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

97
Q

Renal artery

A

Supplies blood to the kidneys.

98
Q

Renal vein

A

Carries blood away from the kidneys.

99
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart, pump blood to arteries.

100
Q

Atria

A

Upper chambers of the heart, receive blood from veins.

101
Q

Valves

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow in the heart.

102
Q

Atrio-ventricular valves

A

Prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction.

103
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

Prevent backflow into ventricles when relaxed.

104
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of blood flow through the heart.

105
Q

Atrial contraction

A

Forces blood through atrioventricular valves.

106
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

Increases pressure to push blood into arteries.

107
Q

Backflow prevention

A

Mechanism to stop blood from reversing direction.

108
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Blood rich in oxygen returning to the heart.

109
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower heart chambers that pump blood out.

110
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart per time.

111
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat.

112
Q

Heart Rate

A

Number of heartbeats per minute.

113
Q

Cardiovascular Diseases

A

Diseases affecting heart or circulatory system.

114
Q

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Transport saturated fat and cholesterol in blood.

115
Q

Atheroma

A

Fatty deposits in artery walls causing narrowing.

116
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build-up of atheroma in arteries.

117
Q

Blood Clot

A

Solid mass formed from blood components.

118
Q

Embolism

A

Mobile blood clot that can obstruct vessels.

119
Q

Thrombus

A

Stationary blood clot within a blood vessel.

120
Q

Thrombosis

A

Condition caused by blood clot formation.

121
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart muscle death due to oxygen deprivation.

122
Q

Aneurysm

A

Artery swelling due to loss of elasticity.

123
Q

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

A

Transport unsaturated fats, reducing atheroma formation.

124
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

125
Q

Capillaries

A

Small blood vessels for material exchange.

126
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Cells lining blood vessels, reducing diffusion distance.

127
Q

Fenestrations

A

Gaps in capillary walls for fluid movement.

128
Q

Venules

A

Small veins collecting blood from capillaries.

129
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels carrying blood back to heart.

130
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid component of blood containing various substances.

131
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Cells transporting oxygen throughout the body.

132
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Cells involved in immune response.

133
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting.

134
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.

135
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Muscles aiding blood flow in veins.

136
Q

High Blood Pressure

A

Increased pressure in arteries, risking atheroma.

137
Q

Risk Factors

A

Conditions increasing likelihood of cardiovascular diseases.

138
Q

Tissue Fluid

A

Plasma without larger proteins, facilitates diffusion.

139
Q

Lymph

A

Remaining tissue fluid, drains into lymphatic system.

140
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells, transports oxygen.

141
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Haemoglobin’s structure with four polypeptides.

142
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin bound to oxygen molecules.

143
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

First oxygen binding eases further bindings.

144
Q

Affinity

A

Haemoglobin’s attraction to oxygen varies with concentration.

145
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture.

146
Q

High Affinity

A

Strong binding of oxygen at high partial pressures.

147
Q

Low Affinity

A

Weaker binding of oxygen at low partial pressures.

148
Q

Dissociation Curve

A

Graph showing haemoglobin’s oxygen binding affinity.

149
Q

Right Shift Curve

A

Lower affinity for oxygen, releases more readily.

150
Q

Left Shift Curve

A

Higher affinity for oxygen, binds more readily.

151
Q

Bohr Shift

A

Rightward shift due to increased carbon dioxide.

152
Q

Root Pressure

A

Pressure from water entering xylem vessels.

153
Q

Symplast Pathway

A

Water movement through living cell cytoplasm.

154
Q

Water Potential Gradient

A

Difference in water potential driving osmosis.

155
Q

Endodermal Cells

A

Cells actively transporting ions into xylem.

156
Q

Mineral Ions

A

Nutrients that affect water potential in xylem.

157
Q

Osmosis

A

Water movement from high to low potential.

158
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from leaves, affects root pressure.

159
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

Rate of energy consumption in organisms.

160
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A

Influences heat loss and metabolic needs.

161
Q

Carbonic Acid

A

Formed from carbon dioxide and water.

162
Q

pH Reduction

A

Lower pH decreases haemoglobin’s oxygen affinity.

163
Q

Respiring Muscles

A

Muscles consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide.

164
Q

Xylem Vessels

A

Transport water from roots to leaves.

165
Q

Height of Water Transport

A

Water can be pushed up to 2-3 meters.

166
Q

Cohesion-tension mechanism

A

Water movement driven by evaporation and cohesion.

167
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from plant surfaces via evaporation.

168
Q

Stomata

A

Pores on leaves regulating gas and water exchange.

169
Q

Water potential gradient

A

Difference in water potential driving water movement.

170
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

171
Q

Xylem vessels

A

Conduct water from roots to leaves.

172
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Attractive forces between water molecules ensuring cohesion.

173
Q

Continuous columns of water

A

Unbroken chains of water molecules in xylem.

174
Q

Tension in xylem

A

Negative pressure created by water evaporation.

175
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules’ attraction to xylem vessel walls.

176
Q

Potometer

A

Device measuring water uptake in plants.

177
Q

Rate of water uptake

A

Volume of water absorbed by plant over time.

178
Q

Distance moved by bubble

A

Measurement used to calculate water uptake rate.

179
Q

Mass-flow hypothesis

A

Explains movement of organic substances in phloem.

180
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluid in a confined space.

181
Q

Source

A

Region of high hydrostatic pressure in phloem.

182
Q

Sink

A

Region of low hydrostatic pressure in phloem.

183
Q

Active transport

A

Energy-dependent movement of substances against gradient.

184
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

Phloem cells transporting organic compounds.

185
Q

Ringing experiment

A

Method to study transport in phloem and xylem.

186
Q

Radioactively labelled carbon dioxide

A

Used to trace sucrose production in leaves.

187
Q

Autoradiography

A

Technique to visualize radioactivity in plant tissues.

188
Q

Companion cells

A

Phloem cells aiding in transport and metabolism.

189
Q

Metabolic poisons

A

Substances inhibiting respiration and translocation.

190
Q

Temperature dependence

A

Translocation rate affected by environmental temperature.

191
Q

Sieve plates

A

Structures in phloem that may impede mass flow.

192
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of water molecules increasing evaporation rate.

193
Q

Humidity

A

Amount of water vapor in the air.

194
Q

Wind speed

A

Rate of air movement affecting transpiration.

195
Q

Light exposure

A

Stimulates stomata opening for gas exchange.

196
Q

Sucrose conversion

A

Sucrose transformed into starch or new cell material.

197
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process converting light energy into chemical energy.

198
Q

Evaporation

A

Process of water turning from liquid to vapor.

199
Q

Water uptake

A

Absorption of water by plant roots.

Biology (9 decks)

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