Topic 3 - Energy Systems Review Flashcards
Anabolism
constructive phase of metabolism
small to large
(glucose to glycogen)
Catabolism
destructive phase of metabolism
large to small
(triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids)
What are the two types of catabolism?
- aerobic: requires oxygen
- anaerobic: w/o oxygen
Is fiber digestible/absorbable
No, energy lost in feces
In what order are macronutrients metabolized?
protein –> carbohydrates –> fats (fats are easily stored and protein is not)
What are carbohydrates metabolized into?
monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose
Where does the bloodstream take monosaccharides from carbs?
The liver where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
How and where is glucose broken down?
In the cells by glycolysis
What happens to pyruvate during brief high-intensity exercise?
converted to lactate and transported back to liver to reform glucose
What happens if there is excess glucose?
Liver and muscle cells convert it to glycogen which is then stored
Glycogenesis
when glucose molecules are linked to form glycogen
Where does fat metabolism occur?
Mitochondria
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Fatty Acid → Acetyl CoA + energy → Citrate (Kreb Cycle) and ATP and CO2
Where is excess fat stored?
In adipose tissue of skeletal muscle as triglycerides
Lipolysis
the process of releasing triglycerides from the body’s stores
What does insulin do?
Lowers blood sugar by releasing glucose to cells and stimulating glycolysis
What does adrenalin do in metabolism?
Acts as glucagon in the process of glycogen breakdown and lipolysis and raises blood sugar
What is used for energy during initial muscle contractions?
creatine phosphate stores
What is used for energy during light/moderate energy?
glucose (anaerobic glycolysis until aerobic system can convert stored glucose into energy).
Cellular Respiration
the controlled release of of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
What is the only place in the cell that uses oxygen?
Mitochondria
Creatine Phosphate System (anaerobic)
Creatine Phosphate is a high-energy compound that can be used to synthesize ATP
Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H+ → Creatine + ATP
Lactic Acid System (anaerobic)
When the capacity for aerobic metabolism is limited pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.
Only used in high-intensity exercise and cannot be sustained for long periods of time before too much lactic acid builds up in the muscles.
Glucose oxidation (aerobic)
The final product of glycolysis, pyruvate is processed by the Krebs cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing energy (ATP)
