Topic 3 - Energy Systems Review

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

constructive phase of metabolism
small to large
(glucose to glycogen)

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

destructive phase of metabolism
large to small
(triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids)

Question 3

What are the two types of catabolism?

Answer 3

• aerobic: requires oxygen
• anaerobic: w/o oxygen

Question 4

Is fiber digestible/absorbable

Answer 4

No, energy lost in feces

Question 5

In what order are macronutrients metabolized?

Answer 5

protein –> carbohydrates –> fats (fats are easily stored and protein is not)

Question 6

What are carbohydrates metabolized into?

Answer 6

monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 7

Where does the bloodstream take monosaccharides from carbs?

Answer 7

The liver where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose

Question 8

How and where is glucose broken down?

Answer 8

In the cells by glycolysis

Question 9

What happens to pyruvate during brief high-intensity exercise?

Answer 9

converted to lactate and transported back to liver to reform glucose

Question 10

What happens if there is excess glucose?

Answer 10

Liver and muscle cells convert it to glycogen which is then stored

Question 11

Glycogenesis

Answer 11

when glucose molecules are linked to form glycogen

Question 12

Where does fat metabolism occur?

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 13

Fatty Acid → Acetyl CoA + energy → Citrate (Kreb Cycle) and ATP and CO2

Question 14

Where is excess fat stored?

Answer 14

In adipose tissue of skeletal muscle as triglycerides

Question 15

Lipolysis

Answer 15

the process of releasing triglycerides from the body’s stores

Question 16

What does insulin do?

Answer 16

Lowers blood sugar by releasing glucose to cells and stimulating glycolysis

Question 17

What does adrenalin do in metabolism?

Answer 17

Acts as glucagon in the process of glycogen breakdown and lipolysis and raises blood sugar

Question 18

What is used for energy during initial muscle contractions?

Answer 18

creatine phosphate stores

Question 19

What is used for energy during light/moderate energy?

Answer 19

glucose (anaerobic glycolysis until aerobic system can convert stored glucose into energy).

Question 20

Cellular Respiration

Answer 20

the controlled release of of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells

Question 21

What is the only place in the cell that uses oxygen?

Answer 21

Mitochondria

Question 22

Creatine Phosphate System (anaerobic)

Answer 22

Creatine Phosphate is a high-energy compound that can be used to synthesize ATP

Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H+ → Creatine + ATP

Question 23

Lactic Acid System (anaerobic)

Answer 23

When the capacity for aerobic metabolism is limited pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.

Only used in high-intensity exercise and cannot be sustained for long periods of time before too much lactic acid builds up in the muscles.

Question 24

Glucose oxidation (aerobic)

Answer 24

The final product of glycolysis, pyruvate is processed by the Krebs cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing energy (ATP)

Question 25

Fat oxidation (aerobic)

Answer 25

Broken down by beta oxidation that liberate a greater number of electrons, (more ATP) in the presence of oxygen and in extreme cases protein will also be utilized.

Question 26

Oxygen Deficit

Answer 26

In order to make up the difference without sacrificing the output, the body must tap into its anaerobic metabolism