Topic 3 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
Define motivation.
The driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others.
The process of starting, directing and maintaining activities.
What is self-efficacy?
Name 3 sources.
Self efficacy refers to the belief that we can bring about desired outcomes.
Personal mastery experiences, indirect learning, verbal encouragement.
What are the four motivating drives as per the psychodynamic perspective? (2 put forward by Freud, 2 more added later)
Freud 1. Sexual drive 2. Aggressive drive After 1. The need for relatedness to others 2. The need for self esteem
What are two of the main premises of the psychodynamic perspective on motivation?
- Humans are like animals and their motives reflect their animal heritage.
- Motives can be unconscious (implicit) or conscious (explicit)
As psychodynamic theorists moved away from the four drives, what did they move to?
Two concepts:
- Wishes - a representation of a desired state that is associated with emotion or arousal.
- Fears - a representation of an undesired state that is associated with unpleasant feelings.
What is a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) for? How do they work?
To study unconscious motivation.
Ambiguous images are shown to participants, who create a story about the image. Stories are then coded for motivational themes.
How are TAT tests relevant?
They are highly predictive of behaviour over long term (not short term - they don’t necessarily align with participants reported short term motives).
Why does a TAT reflect long term motives and self reporting reflect short term motives?
Because TAT’s tap into unconscious motives which are expressed over time, whereas self reporting reflects conscious (explicit) motives which become activated when people focus conscious attention on tasks and goals.
What is the theory of operant conditioning? (Behaviourist)
Humans like animals, are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished.
What does the behaviourist drive reduction theory propose?
Drive reduction theories propose that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, and is based on homeostasis.
What are the 5 steps of drive reduction theory (behaviourist)?
Homeostasis 1. Biological need occurs (water, food) 2. Need gives rise to drive (internal state of tension) 3. Organism motivated to satisfy drive 4. Goal directed behaviour taken 5. Drive reduced / need satisfied Homeostasis
What are primary and secondary drives? (Behaviourist)
Primary - Innate/biological drives such as hunger, thirst, sex.
Secondary - learned through conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling.
What is one criticism of drive reduction theory? Give 2 examples.
It doesn’t explain all behaviours.
e. g. Why does someone stay up late to finish a novel even though they are exhausted?
e. g. sometimes a stimuli (e.g. food) activates drives rather than eliminating them - a sated person is enticed by the smell of a bakery
What are the two behaviourist theories of motivation?
Operant conditioning
Drive reduction theory
What is the cognitive expectancy -value theory?
Expectancy-value theories view motivation as a joint function of the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it.
Define goal setting theory (cognitive)
Conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks.
What are the 5 conditions that goal setting theory proposes will create maximum job performance?
- Discrepancy between have & want
- Specific goals
- Feedback
- Right level goal
- Commitment
What is Jonathon Bargh’s theory on implicit motives? (cognitive)
He proposes that implicit motives can be activated outside of awareness. If a person frequently chooses the same goal in the same situation that goal will become associated with the situation and automatically activate when in that situation without the individuals awareness.
What are 3 key factors humanistic psychologists use to explain human behaviour.
Emphasise dignity
Individual choice
Self-worth
What are the 5 levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Top to bottom
- Self actualisation
- Esteem
- Love and belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
What is ERG theory?
Existence, relatedness, growth
Application of Maslow’s model to the workplace.
How did the evolutionary perspective of motivation evolve?
Early 20th century psychologists assumer most motivated behaviour was due to instincts. This was abandoned because behaviour varies so widely across cultures and a distinct feature of human behaviour is flexibility.
What are psychosocial needs?
What are the two major groups?
Personal and interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy and the like.
Relatedness and agency
What are the 3 main needs for relatedness?
Attachment motivation = the desire for physical & psychological proximity to another person. The individual experiences comfort and pleasure in their presence. (Children’s first need & adult love)
Intimacy = A special kind of closeness characterised by self-disclosure, warmth and mutual caring (adult attachment relationships & close friends)
Affiliation = Interaction with friends or acquaintances. (Individuals differ in the extent to which they seek intimate or affiliate relationships)
What do agency motives include?
Achievement, power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem
Define emotion.
Emotion is an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural or emotional expression.
What are affect and mood?
Affect = The pattern of observable behaviours that expresses an individual’s emotions.
(visible actions and behaviours)
Mood = Generally longer lasting and more general emotional state
What is the James-lang theory?
States that emotions originate in the peripheral nervous system responses that the central nervous system then interprets.
Stimulus > Behaviour & body response > Subjective interpretation of arousal as emotion.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
States that emotion inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily experience.
What does Seligman suggest about happiness?
It is derived from 5 distinct areas: Pleasure, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment (PERMA)
What is emotional expression & what does it include?
The overt behavioural signs of expression.
Facial expression, posture, gestures, tone of voice.
What are the 5 universally recognised facial expressions?
Surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness.
What are display rules?
Patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture.
What role does the hypothalamus play in emotion?
Converts emotional responses generated in the brain into autonomic and endocrine responses.
What role does the amygdala play in emotion?
Associates sensory and other information with pleasant and unpleasant feelings.
Also plays a role in detecting other peoples emotions via facial expressions
What are the two systems for processing emotion?
Thalamo-limbic circuit
Thalamus-to-cortex-to-amygdala circuit
How does the thalamo-limbic circuit work and what are 2 features?
Thalamus sends simple sensory info directly to amygdala which elicits an immediate emotional response.
- Evolutionary primitive, therefore requires no cortical involvement = faster.
- Conditioning can occur > even faster response
How does thalamus-to-cortex-to-amygdala circuit work?
Thalamus sends info to amygdala and simultaneously to the cortex > the cortex undertakes more thorough examination and sends info back to amygdala.
Slower
What are 3 roles of the cortex in emotion?
- Consider safety information
- Interpreting peripheral responses
- Regulating facial displays of emotion for social purposes
What are the 2 psychodynamic theories of emotion?
- People can be unconscious of their own emotional experience and that unconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behaviour and health.
- We regularly delude ourselves about our own abilities and attributes to avoid the unpleasant emotional consequences of seeing ourselves more objectively.
Explain Schauter and Singer’s theory of emotion.
That people feel a non-specific physiological arousal, then try to figure out what the arousal means. If situational cues suggest they should be afraid, they interpret arousal as fear.
(This has been disproven, however arousal may intensify emotional experience, but it isn’t essential and some interpretation is neccessary)
What is the basis of the evolutionary perspective of emotion?
Emotions serve an adaptive purpose.
They serve a communicative function that regulates social behaviour and increases chances of survival.
How do evolutionary psychologists view the intersection of emotion and motivation?
Emotion is a powerful source of motivation - an internal communication that something must be done.
Define emotional intelligence.
An individual characteristic that involves the ability to adaptively perceive, understand, regulate and harness emotions in the self and others.
Name 5 outcomes are associated with better emotional intelligence.
Better mental health, greater well being, greater relationship satisfaction, more creativity, workplace flourishing.
