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biology > Topic 3- Classification > Flashcards

Topic 3- Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the classification system consist of?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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2
Q

what is the reproductive model?
(accepted definition)

what are the limitations of this model?

A

group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring

organisms may be part of the same species but unable to breed due to factors such as physical barriers

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3
Q

what is Linnaeus’ theory of morphology?
what are the limitations of this theory?

A

categorising animals based of their external appearance

limitation : some animals show sexual dismorphism (male and female look different)

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4
Q

what is the ecological model of separating organisms into species?
limitations?

A

based on niche

limitation is that there are niche variations and not all of the same species lives in the same niche

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5
Q

what is the mate recognition model?

limitations?

A

based on mating habits

limitation is cross breeding / cross pollination can happen

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6
Q

what is the genetics model?

pros/cons

A

based on genetic evidence

+ accurate
- time consuming, expensive , genome of species will have changed over time

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7
Q

gel electrophoresis method

A

agarose gel is pores into gel box and wells are made at one end (where DNA will be placed)

box is filled with buffer solution

DNA (negatively charged) put into wells

power turned on

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8
Q

gel electrophoresis:

  1. why does the DNA travel towards the anode?
  2. which fragments of DNA travel further?
  3. what is added to the gel so the fragments can be seen?
  4. what enzymes are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments?
A
  1. DNA is negatively charged and is attracted to the positive charge on the anode
  2. smaller fragments of DNA travel further and faster
  3. blue bromide and then use UV light (fragments fluoresce)
  4. restriction endonuclease enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments
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9
Q

what are the uses of gel electrophoresis ?

A

get DNA fingerprint for forensic research /paternity tests / learn evolutionary relationships

check a PCR

find genes associated with a disease

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10
Q

name three ways the scientific community evaluates data

A

scientific journals
scientific conferences
peer review (evidence is studied)

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11
Q

how can DNA tell you how long ago there was a common ancestor?

A

the more differences in DNA / mutations between two individuals, the longer the time since they have had a common ancestor

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12
Q

how do scientists use DNA from fossils?

A

analyse the DNA using a polymerase chain reaction and DNA profiling

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13
Q

what was originally thought about humans and Neanderthals?

A

originally thought humans were direct ancestors, concluded there was just interbreeding between them and humans

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14
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

classifying and naming living organisms

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15
Q

5 kingdoms

A

archaea bacteria
eubacteria
protoctista
fungi
plantae

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16
Q

explain the theory of evolution

A

living organisms that reproduce sexually show greater variety in appearance

organisms produce excessive offspring (struggle for survival)

organisms that inherit characteristics that give them an advantage pass this down to their offspring

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17
Q

define natural selection

A

process whereby organisms that are best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce, passing their advantageous alleles down to their offspring

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18
Q

what is a niche?

A

role an organism plays within the habitat it lives in

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19
Q

what are anatomical adaptations?

give example.

A

adaptation in form/structure of organism

eg thick layer of blubber

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20
Q

what are physiological adaptations?

give example.

A

way body works (biological pathways/enzymes)

eg when driving mammals’ heart rate drops when under the sea

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21
Q

what are behavioural adaptations?

give example.

A

changes to instinctive/programmed behaviour

eg insects/reptiles orientating themselves to get maximum sunlight

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22
Q

why do organisms adapt?

A

so they are able to exploit their own niche so it is different enough to avoid competition

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23
Q

define evolution

A

the process by which organisms develop and change characteristics over a period of time

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24
Q

define habitat

A

the natural environment an organism lives in

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25
Q

define adaptation

A

a change meaning an organism is specialised to suit the environment they live in

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26
Q

when does competition happen between species?

A

when two or more individuals strive to obtain the same resources when they are in short supply

the more similar the individuals are, the more intense the competition

27
Q

suggest reasons for why two species can not occupy the same niche

A

they have different roles within the community

their adaptations are for specific niches

competing for same resources so one species must outcompete the other

28
Q

explain how moths underwent natural selection

A

moths that were black stood out so white moths were more likely to survive

industrial - soot and smoke made trees black

black moths had advantageous genes as they blended in better

these survived and reproduce

alleles of population changed

29
Q

define genetic diversity

A

a measure of all the genes possessedby the individuals in the population

30
Q

define ecosystem diversity

A

a measure of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat,

31
Q

define species diversity

A

the number of different species and number of individuals in each species within a specified area

32
Q

explain these three types of selection

-directional

-stabilising

-disruptive

A

Directional- extreme phenotype favoured over others, allele frequency shifts over time to favour that

Stabilising- favours a non-extreme trait, favours average individuals of population

Disruptive- extreme traits are valued over intermediate ones

33
Q

stages of natural selection

A

Variation

Intraspecific competition

Those with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive

These reproduce and pass on advantageous alleles

Allele frequency in population changes

34
Q

explain how malpeque disease affected oysters

A

became small/flabby/pus filled

-small amounts had a certain allele allowing them to be resistant to the disease

-these oysters survived and reproduced

35
Q

explain what speciation is

A

Two populations become too genetically distinct , evolution of two different species from one existing one.

Reproductively isolated means no mixing of genes can occur

Genetic drift and mutations means they can not reproduce to form fertile offspring (genotype and phenotype become so different overtime, even if reunited, they can not interbreed)

36
Q

explain ALLOPATRIC speciation

A

Formation of two species from one original , due to geographical isolation

Mountains/rivers/deserts

37
Q

explain SYMPATRIC speciation

A

Formation of two species from one original due to reproductive isolation, whilst occupying the same niche

Behavioural changes (courtship) , gametic variation, seasonal changes in behaviour

38
Q

isolating mechanisms

A

geographical (physical barrier)
ecological (species develop preferences to area of habitat)
seasonal (timing of sexual receptiveness)
behavioural (e.g courtship)
mechanical (e.g change in genitalia/stigma)

39
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

adaptive radiation is when one species rapidly evolves to form a number of different species.

40
Q

define biodiversity

A

a measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences

41
Q

what two factors do you take into account when measuring biodiversity?

A

species richness and species abundance

42
Q

when would biodiversity be high?

A

in stable ecosystems , complex relationships can develop

areas with high levels of productivity , supports niches

areas where organisms can grow/reproduce rapidly (leads to adaptations - exploit niches)

43
Q

species richness

A

total number of DIFFERENT SPECIES

44
Q

species evenness

A

measure of RELATIVE ABUNDANCE of each species

45
Q

species abundance

A

number of INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES

46
Q

species diversity

A

measurement of species RICHNESS and species EVENESS

47
Q

what can increase the gene pool of a population?

A

mutationsw

48
Q

what is allele frequency?

A

relative frequency of a particular allele within a population

49
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

measure of the genetic difference in the genetic makeup of a population

50
Q

ethical reasons for maintaining biodiveristy

A

deny future generations of renewable resources

source of pleasure

unique DNA combinations lost 9used for medicines)

climate change

51
Q

what is a PROVISIONING ecosystem service?

A

provides provisions

food/fibres for clothing/medicine

52
Q

what is a REGULATING ecosystem service?

A

regulates environment

water purification/maintain air quality

53
Q

what is a SUPPORTING ecosystem service?

A

support for other ecosystem services

soil formation/nutrient cycling

54
Q

what is a CULTURAL ecosystem service?

A

supports economies due to tourism - animal/plant life

55
Q

economic arguments for maintaining biodiversity

A

natural disasters are expensive to fix
destroyed areas, can’t farm
reduce chances of new food/drugs

56
Q

define conservation

A

maintaining and protecting a living and changing environment

57
Q

what is ex-situ conservation?

give examples

A

conservation which happens outside the natural environment

zoos/seed banks

58
Q

what is in-situ conservation?

give examples

A

conservation of ecosystems/species in their natural surroundings

educational programmes/National Parks

59
Q

how can sustainability be ensured?

A

harvest selectively

biological pest control as opposed to artificial fertilisers

60
Q

what should the conditions of seed banks be like?

A

dry and cold
to prevent enzyme activity , germination , microbial growth (decay)

61
Q

how are seeds selected for storage in a storage bank?

A

from different plants (to provide genetic variation)

xrayed (check for viability)

62
Q

how could you tell how long an animal in the wild has been dead?

A

forensic entomology
decomposition/decay (there are different stages)
body produces gases, liquefication of tissues and bloating

63
Q

why is inbreeding a problem?

A

although less likely to cause a problem in first generation , inbreeding reduces gene pool, increasing prevalence of genetic disorders

biology (9 decks)

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