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NCIDQ 2023 > Topic 3: Building Systems & Construction > Flashcards

Topic 3: Building Systems & Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Tread dimension calculation

A

2R + T = 25in

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2
Q

Define Wayfinding

A

The process of locating, following, and identifying a route through a building or space to a selfie destination.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of wayfinding signage?

A

Informational, identification, directional, and regulatory

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4
Q

What is informational signage

A

Sign that provides information about an overall facility. I.e. “you are here”map in a mall or office directory in the lobby

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5
Q

What is identification signage

A

Sign that tells people where they are. I.e. a room number on a door

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6
Q

What is directional signage

A

Sign that tells people how to get to where they want to go. I.e. sign with arrow and designation name.

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7
Q

What is regulatory signage?

A

Signs that tell people what it is and safety or access information. I.e. “employees only” and “danger - high voltage”

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8
Q

What is gypsum wall board?

A

A gypsum core sandwiched between heavy paper or other materials form in a factory to standard sized sheets

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9
Q

What are the advantages of gypsum wallboard?

A
  • low install cost
  • quick and easy install
  • fire resistance
  • sound control
  • easily available
  • versatile
  • ease of finishing / decorating
  • ease of door & window install
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10
Q

What are the types of gypsum wallboard finishes?

A

Level 0: no taping, finishing, or accessories

Level 1: joints and angles have tape embedded in joint compound, used in non-visible areas

Level 2: joints and angles have tape embedded in joint compound and one separate coat of compound is applied over joints,angles, fastener heads, and accessories. Typically used in areas where waster resistant backing board is applied as a tile substrate or other areas appear different is not critical

Level 3: similar to level 2 except 2 coats of joint compound are used and free of tool marks and ridges, used where heavy textured finishes or heavy wallcovering is applied

Level 4: similar to level 3 except 3 coats of joint compound are used, used where light textures or wall coverings are will be applied

Level 5: similar to level 4 except that a thin skim coat of compound is applied over entire surface, used where gloss, semi gloss, enamel, or non textured flat paints are specified

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11
Q

What are standard steel stud depths?

A

1 5/8 “,2 1/2 “,3 5/8 “, 4”, 6”

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12
Q

What are 3 gypsum wall board framing methods?

A
  1. Typical stud & runner
  2. Furring channel
  3. Resilient channel (improve acoustical properties )
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13
Q

When is a corner bead needed on gypsum wall board?

A

Cornerbeads are used for all exterior corners not otherwise protected.

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14
Q

What are the 4 of corner bead edge trims?

A
  1. LC Bead - edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound. Has a back flange, so it must be fitted over the edge of the wall board before the wall board us fastened to the substrate
  2. L Bead - edge trim without a back flange; good for installation after wallboard has been installed. Requires finishing with joint compound
  3. U bead: edge trim in which the edge of the metal is noticeable. It is sometimes called J metal by GCs. It does not require finishing with joint compound
  4. LK bead: edge trim for use with various thicknesses of wallboard in a kerfed jamb, required finishing with joint compound

ADD PIC PG. 11-5

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15
Q

What are the three most common gypsum wallboard partitions? What do they entail?

A
  1. Standard wood frame partition - used in residential construction with 2”x4” studs 16” on centre, covered with owner layer of of 1/2” wallboard on each side
  2. Standard metal frame partition - used in commercial construction with 2 1/2” or 3 5/8” metal studs 24” on centre to the underside of the suspended ceiling
  3. Slab to slab partition for sound control or 1hr fire rating: similar to standard metal stud partition expect extends passed suspended ceiling to the underside of deck. Acoustical insulation for sound control
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16
Q

What is glass reinforced gypsum? What is used for?

A

Glass reinforced gypsum refers to broad class of products manufactured from high-stregth, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous -filament glass fibers - these products are used for decorative elements

ADD EXAMPLE PIC

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17
Q

What is plaster and what are the 2 common types construction?

A

Plaster is a finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water that creates a smooth level surface on a base material

There are 2 common types of construction:

  1. Metal lath that is attached to the studs to create the base for multiple layers of plaster
  2. Gypsum board lath, a special gypsum product that horizontally attaches to studs
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18
Q

What are the 3 layers called and do in plaster construction?

A

Layer 1: scratch coat -applied to metal lath to firmly adhere to the lath
Layer 2: brown coat - applied onto of the scratch coat to level the surface
Layer 3: finish coat - applied to brown coat for final levelling and create desired texture

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19
Q

When would lath and plaster construction be used instead of gypsum wallboard construction?

A

When a curve is needed or where a hard, abrasion resistant surface is required

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20
Q

What are the categories of doors according to their operation?

A
  1. Swinging door - attached to frame with hinges or pivots
  2. Pocket sliding door - hung on a top track and slide into wall cavity
  3. **Bypass sliding doors* - hung on a top track and slide in-front of one another
  4. Bi-folding doors -
  5. Accordion folding doors - mounted on a track to expand and contract
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21
Q

What is difference between hollow core door and solid core door?

A

Hollow core doors are made of one or three plies of veneer on each side of a hollow interior

Solid core doors are made with a variety of core types with no hollow interior

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22
Q

What are the three most common types of metal doors?

A
  1. Flush doors (single smooth surface on both sides)
  2. sash doors (contain one or more glass lights)
  3. louvered doors have an opening with metal stats for ventilation.
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23
Q

What conditions would use a steel metal door frame and an aluminum door frame?

A

Steel frames are best when higher durability and where over 20 min fire rating is required.

Aluminum frames are best for a lightweight use and more complex frame profile is required

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24
Q

What are the 4 glass door configurations?

A
  1. Minimum configuration
  2. Continuous bottom configuration
  3. Continuous top and bottom configuration
  4. Hinge fittings and lever handle

ADD PIC PG. 11-14

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25
Q

What are hinges?

A

Consists of:
- 1 leaf with odd number of knuckles
- 1 lead with even number of knuckles
- knuckles are attached with a pin to form a hinge barrel and finished with a tip

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26
Q

What is difference between ball bearing hinges and plain bearing hinges?

A

Ball bearing hinges: have two ball bearings in the knuckles of the hinges. these balls assisted in hinge movement, typically used for heavy duty doors

standard plain bearing hinges have no ball bearings, used for lightweight doors

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27
Q

What are the 6 common hinge tip designs?

A
  1. Flat button
  2. Hospital
  3. Oval head
  4. Flush
  5. Ball
  6. Steeple

ADD PIC 11-16

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28
Q

How many door hinges are required for different height doors?

A

Up to 60”= 2 hinges (one pair)
60” - 90” = 3 hinges (one and a half pair)
90” - 120” = 4 hinges (two pair)

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29
Q

What is a latchset and lock-set? What are the most common types?

A

Devices to operate a door, hold it in the closed position, and lock it.

The most common types are:
1. cylindrical lock
2. mortise lock 3
3. preassemble lock

ADD PIC PG. 11-17

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30
Q

What are door pivots?

A

In replacement of door hinges, a pivot is installed on the floor either centered or offset with a corresponding pivot installed on the head frame.

An alternate way to hang a door when the appearance of hinges are not wanted or a frameless door design is intended.

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31
Q

What is a door closer

A

Closers are devices that automatically return door to it’s closed position.

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32
Q

What is panic hardware?

A

A push bar extending across the door width that operates vertical rods that disengage latches

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33
Q

What is a door astragal?

A

A vertical member used between double doors to seal the opening

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34
Q

What is a threshold?

A

A transition between floor materials at a door line

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35
Q

What are the different types of glass that can be used in glazing?

A
  1. Float glass - sheet of uniform thickness and very flat surfaces.
  2. Tempered glass - special heat treatment to float glass to become 4x stronger
  3. Laminated glass - layers of glass bonded with an inter layer of polyvinyl butyral.
  4. Wire glass - glass with metal mesh embedded
  5. Pattern glass - pressed with pattern at molten state
  6. Fire-rated glass
  7. Electrochromic glass - changes from opaque to transparent with an electric current
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36
Q

What is the maximum glazed area for a 1 hour rated wall?

A

25% of the wall length.

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37
Q

What two types of glass are considered safety glazing?

A

Tempered glass and laminated glass

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38
Q

In general, fire door assemblies are rated at what fraction of the rating of the surround wall?

A

3/4 - 45 min door is used in a 1 hour rated wall

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39
Q

What are the 4 common types of roof shapes

A

Shed, gable, hip, gambrel

ADD PIC PG. 12-15

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40
Q

What is a wide flange beam ?

A

Structural beam of steel which cross section resembles letter H , it is wider than an I beam

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41
Q

What is a trimmer

A

A wood member used to support a header in a floor or roof opening

PIC PG 12-12

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42
Q

What is a sole plate

A

A horizontal wood member that serves as the base for studs in a partition

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43
Q

What is sheathing?

A

Plywood or particle board covering placed over an exterior studding or rafters of a building that provides strength and a base for cladding

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44
Q

What is decking

A

Light - gauge sheets of metal that are ribbed for use in constructing a floor or roof

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45
Q

What is a core drill?

A

A machine used to cut a small opening in a concrete floor for conduits or electrical

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46
Q

How is the pitch of a roof calculated?

A

The pitch is the rise of the slope after a 12” run. I.e a roof with a pitch of 5/12 has a rise of 5” vertically for every 12” of horizontal projection

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47
Q

What is a cricket and when is it used on a roof?

A

Cricket is a saddle shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle, like a chimney

ADD PIC PG. 12-15

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48
Q

How is an opening for doors and windows framed?

A
  1. Header /lintel at top of the opening which acts as a beam to carry the load,
  2. double studs are framed on each side of the opening

ADD PIC PG. 12-12

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49
Q

What components are used in residential framing construction?

A
  • Foundation wall with a sil plate on top.
  • Joist and joist header sit on top of the sill plate.
  • Rough flooring underlayment is placed on top the joists.
  • Framed wall is built on top of the flooring underlayment

ADD PIC PG. 12-11

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50
Q

What are the 4 types of metals decking?

A
  1. Flat ribbed typical metal decking
  2. Cellular normal metal decking that has a flat piece of steel welded to the bottom of the panel, typically for acoustical floors
  3. Long span have a deep profile for greater strength and thus allow for larger support spacing
  4. Composite - strong but lightweight metal floor deck. It is designed to provide extra strength for flooring systems without adding extra weight.

ADD PIC 12-11

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51
Q

What is a slip joint?

A

‘Slip joints are added to partitions that are attached to the structural system to allow the building to move slightly without putting pressure on the partitions

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52
Q

What are the three major building load types?

A

Gravity: live loads and dead loads

Lateral loads: wind loads and earthquake loads

Dynamic loads: when a force is applied suddenly, such as cars moving in parking garage or helicopter landing on a roof

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53
Q

What is the difference between live loads and dead loads

A
  • Live loads are the weight of items occupying a structure like people and furniture
  • Dead loads are the weight of the structure itself and any permanent equipment
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54
Q

What masonry material is most commonly used in load bearing walls?

A

Concrete block - manufactured with cement, water, and various types of aggregate, also referred to as concrete masonry units (CMUs)

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55
Q

Where is masonry used is a structural system?

A

Load bearing walls

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56
Q

What shapes do precast concrete come in for concrete structural systems?

A
  1. single tee
  2. Double tee
  3. Hollow-core slab

ADD PIC 12-5

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57
Q

What are the 5 basic cast in place concrete structural systems?

A
  1. Beam-and-grinder: slab is supported by intermediate beams which are supported by larger grinders
  2. One-way pan joists: concrete members spaced 24” - 36” apart running in same direction and framed into larger beams
  3. Flat plate: floor slab designed and reinforced to transfer load directly to the columns
  4. Flat slab: similar to flat plate except that drop panels are used to increase strength
  5. Waffle slab: can support heavier loads at longer spans

ADD PIC PG. 12-4

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58
Q

What are the two primary concrete structural systems?

A

Cast-in-place concrete:concrete is poured into forms where it hardens before forms are removed.

Precast concrete: components are formed in a plant and shipped to the job site, where they are set in place and connected to the structure

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59
Q

What type of buildings are open-web steel joist systems found?

A

One story buildings or low rise buildings with side column spacing

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60
Q

What advantage does open web steel joist system have over a beam and grinder system?

A

Since beam and grinder systems usually have limited space between bottom of grinder and suspended ceiling, adding new mechanical can be difficult, but a open web joist system have open webs which can run mechanical through them.

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61
Q

What are the two most common steel structural systems?

A

Beam-and-grinder system: grinders span between columns, and smaller beams are framed into them - The grinders span shorter distances because they carry the weight of the beams (8-10ft), the beams span longer (25-40ft)

open-web steel joist system: joist span between beams or bearing walls 2-6ft on centre , depths of joist range between 8” -72”

ADD PIC PG. 12-3

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62
Q

In general, as a stair riser gets lower the tread_________ to maintain a certain relationship

A

Increases

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63
Q

What is the formula to calculate the appropriate tread dimension?

A

2R + T = 25in

R = riser
T = tread

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64
Q

What are the 4 common panel products used in interior construction? What are each made of?

A
  1. Plywood - odd number of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure
  2. Particle board - composed of small wood particles, fibres, or chips mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure
  3. Medium-density fibreboard - MDF, wood particles reduced to fibres in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combines with a resin and bonded together with heat and pressure
  4. Medium-density overlay - plywood with a thin smooth veneer suitable for painting
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65
Q

What is “finish carpentry” and when is it used?

A

Finish carpentry is exposed wood construction assembled at a jobsite by finish carpenters (install of doors, windows, trims, mouldings, etc.) used for residential and commercial jobs where the is little amount of wood work. This is not as good quality of work as architectural wood work

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66
Q

What is galvanic action?

A

The electrochemical process that occurs when dissimilar metals are touching/connected in the presence of an electrolyte, such as water, resulting in corrosion of one of the metals.

The farther apart metals on the galvanic series list, the greater possibility of galvanic action

ADD PIC PG. 11-33

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67
Q

Bronze and brass are terms used to describe a range of what alloy?

A

Copper alloy

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68
Q

What is stainless steel? What are the 2 most common types?

A

Stainless steel is an alloy containing 12% of chromium or more

can be sublimated with additional elements like nickel, manganese smolydenum to impart certain qualities

The two most common types are 304 (chromium nickel) and 430 (straight chromium)

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69
Q

What is an integrated ceiling?

A

Suspended ceiling system designed to accommodate ceiling tile, lighting, supply & return grilles, fire sprinklers, and partition attachment. These ceiling systems are used when these components are intended to be changed frequently

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70
Q

Can a suspended acoustical ceiling be fire rated?

A

When the ceiling is apart of a complete floor-ceiling assembly that is rated, the ceiling system in itself can not be rated

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71
Q

What are the most common suspended acoustical ceiling lay-in systems?

A
  1. Lay-in exposed grid - panels are laid on top of an exposed T shape grid
  2. Lay-in tegular - similar to system 1 expect tiles are rabbited
  3. Concealed spline - grid is not visible

ADD PIC PG. 11-26

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72
Q

How is a commercial gypsum wallboard ceiling constructed?

A
  • 1 1/2” steel channels placed 4’ -0” on centre and suspended from floor structure above
  • metal furring channels are attached to the main runners either 16” or 24” on centre
  • wall board screwed to the furring channels

ADD PIC PG. 11-25

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73
Q

What is the cavity between a suspended ceiling and the deck?

A

Plenum

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74
Q

How are HVAC systems classified? What are the two primary methods?

A

By the medium they use to heat or cool - The two primary methods are air and water

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75
Q

What are HVAC all-air systems and all-water systems?

A

All- air systems: cool or heat a space by conditioned air transported to the space with supply and return air ducts

All-water systems: use some type of coil unit called a convector in each space through which hot l water is circulated. The hot water heats the fins of the coil unit which heats the air as it is drawn over from the fins.

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76
Q

Where are ducts and plumbing run typically in residential and commercial construction?

A

Residential - walls and floor joists

Commercial - the plenum and chases

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77
Q

What is a chase?

A

An enclosed vertical space used only to accommodate ducts or pipes, it will run continuously through floors on multistory buildings

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78
Q

When a project is to retain an existing HVAC system, what needs to be considered when designing the ceiling?

A

Large ducts leave little room for recessed lighting

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79
Q

What is a mixing box?

A

Mixing box located in the plenum adjusts the quantity or temperature of air going into a space from the main air supply line; reduces velocity of air and attenuates noise

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80
Q

What is a variable air volume system? (Vav)

A

HVAC system that supplies air at varying levels or amounts at a constant temperature

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81
Q

When thinking of a plenum consisting of layers, what is located at each level?

A
  1. building structure (Uppermost level)
  2. Ducts, mixing boxes, other hvac approx sixe of large rest duct under largest structural element
  3. Sprinkler and plumbing approx 4”-6”
  4. Recessed lighting (lowest level) approx 9”-12”
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82
Q

What height are thermostats located?

A

48” above finished floor

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83
Q

What are the minimum clearance of a window treatment with exterior glass? (Commerical)

A
  • 1 1/2” min between window header and top of window treatment
  • 1 1/2” min between window ledge and bottom of window treatment
  • 2” min between glass and window treatment
  • 1 1/2” min between wall and window treatment

ADD PIC PG. 13-6

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84
Q

What are the three common types of air-supply diffusers?

A
  1. In-lay diffuser ( inserted into suspended ceiling system)
  2. Residential / gypsum air diffuser (uses trim flange that snaps onto diffuser and cover ceiling cut out
  3. Slot diffuser (used when space is limited or appearance wants to be minimized

ADD PIC PG. 13-8

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85
Q

On a HVAC plan, how are piping and ductwork represented?

A

With single lines

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86
Q

What is a junction box?

A

Steel or approved plastic box to which the conduit or cable system is attached

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87
Q

In residential construction, outlets must be placed no farther than______ ft apart

A

12ft

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88
Q

What are “dedicated circuits “?

A

Special power outlets placed on their own circuit to prevent various types of electrical interference from sensitive electrical equipment

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89
Q

What are three types of protection provided in electrical wiring? Describe them.

A
  1. Grounding: a separate wire in addition to the two that provide power which prevents a dangerous shock if someone touches an appliance with a short circuit and a ground path at the sense time.
  2. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s or GFI’s) : devices that detect small current leaks and disconnect the power to circut or appliance.
  3. Arc-fault circuit interrupter(AFCI) :device that provides protection from the effects of arch faults by recognizing characteristics unique to arcing and functioning to de-engegize the circuit when this fault is detected
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90
Q

What are the two major components of plumbing system?

A
  1. water supply: cold and hot water supplied under pressure to individual plumbing fixtures
  2. Drainage: sloped drain pipes which carry away waste through gravity. Comprised of vents, traps, stacks
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91
Q

What is a trap, vent, and soil waste stack in a plumbing drainage system?

A
  1. Trap: located at every fixture, catch and hold water to provide a seal that prevents gases from the sewage system from entering the building
  2. Vent: pipes connected to the drainage system open to outside air allowing built-up sewage gases to escape and allow the pressure in the system to equalize
  3. Soil /waste stacks:
    soil stack carries human waste
    waste stack carries all other waste.
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92
Q

What is a wet column?

A

Usually at a structural column where hot water, cold water, and drainage risers are located for tenants to easily tap into.

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93
Q

Fire protection in buildings is accomplished by?

A
  • Preventing fires
  • early fire detection and alarm
  • providing quick exiting
  • containing fire
  • suppressing the fire
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94
Q

What is the basic idea of “compartmentation” in fire safety

A

Contain a fire and limit it’s spread both to allow occupants to escape and protect other parts of the building that are not initially subject to the fire.

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95
Q

How is the spread of smoke during a fine contained?

A

Devices such as fire dampers, gaskets on fire doors, automatic closing fire doors seal opening in fire walls.

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96
Q

What are the 4 basic types of fire detection devices? Now do they work?

A
  1. Ionization detector -responds to products of combustion-ionized particles
  2. Photoelectric detector - responds to smoke
  3. Rise-of-tempeature detector- senses presence of heat
  4. Flame detector- responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation given off by flames
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97
Q

What are the disadvantages of rise-of-temperature detectors and flame detectors?

A

They do not give early warning signs of soldering fires/smoke

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98
Q

IBC states buildings over______ ft tall require sprinkler systems

A

75ft

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99
Q

What styles are sprinkler heads available in?

A
  • Recessed: have a smooth cover that Falls away when fire is detected
  • upright: used with exposed plumbing in an unfinished ceiling
  • pendant: traditional type for finished ceilings, head extends few inches below ceiling
  • side wall: used in corridors and small rooms
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100
Q

Local building codes refer to what standard for the design and install of fire sprinklers systems?

A

NFPA 13 - Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems

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101
Q

What are the 3 groups NFPA 13 classifies spaces relative to fire hazard?

A

Light, ordinary, and extra hazard

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102
Q

What is a standpipe?

A

Pipes that run the height of a building and provide water outlets at each floor to which fire fighting noses can be connected.

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103
Q

What are the 4 general classes of handheld fire extinguishers?

A

Type A: for ordinary combustion, contain water
Type B: for flammable liquids, contain smothering chemicals
Type C: for electric equipment, contain con-conductive agents
Type D: for combustible metals,

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104
Q

What is a holognated agent?

A

A gas that chemically inhibits the spread of fire, Used for fire extinguishing where water might damage the contents of a room. Bad for environment

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105
Q

Security devised from intrusion detection can be classified into what 3 types?

A
  1. Perimeter protection-secures the entry points to a space or building
  2. Area or room protection - devices sense when someone is in a room
  3. Object protection - devices sense movement with individual objects
106
Q

What are common types of perimeter protection?

A

Magnetic contacts, glass break detection, window screens

107
Q

What is electronic surveillance? How can we provide security from this?

A

The interception of sound and electromagnetic signals with remote sensing devices

special rooms are required that have electromagnetic or radio frequency shielding

108
Q

What features on high-security lock sets are available to provide an additional level of security?

A
  • Key types that are difficult to duplicate
  • special tumbler mechanisms
  • long throw deadbolts
109
Q

What is an electronic lock benefit over a mechanical lock?

A

Electronic locks selectively control access better and can monitor who enters/exits and record date and time

110
Q

What are biometric security devices?

A

Devices the read biological features like retinas or fingerprints to give access to a space

111
Q

What are the 3 basic qualities of sound?

A

1- velocity: depends on the medium in which the sound is traveling and the temperature of the medium

2 - frequently: the number of cycles completed per second and is measured in hertz Hz (higher the frequency, the higher the pitch)

3 - power: the quality of acoustic energy as measured in watts

112
Q

At what decibel (dB) does sound start to cause pain?

A

130 dB

113
Q

What decibel (dB) is the threshold of hearing?

A

0 dB

114
Q

How many decibel levels needs to change for a change in apparent loudness to be clearly noticeable?

A

5 levels

ADD PIC PG. 14-3

115
Q

What is the difference between transmission loss and noise reduction?

A

Transmission loss takes into account only the loss through the partition

noise reduction is dependent not only on the transmission loss but also on the area of the partition separating the two spaces and the absorption of the surfaces in the room not making noise

116
Q

What is STC ?

A

Sound transmission class: used to rate the transmission loss of construction. The higher the rating, the better the barrier is in stopping sound

ADD PIC PG 14-3

117
Q

Do openings for outlets and doors in a STC rated wall lower the rating?

A

Yes

118
Q

What are noise criteria curves used for?

A

To specify the maximum amount of continuous back ground noise allowable in the space

ADD PIC PG 14-4

119
Q

How is the sound absorption of a material defined?

A

By the coefficient of absorption, which is the ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material

The maximum absorption possible is 1

119
Q

What sound absorption coefficient is considered to be reflective? Consider to se sound absorbing?

A

Coefficient below 0.2 is reflective

Coefficient above 0.2 is absorbing

The coefficients are listed in manufactures technical literature.

120
Q

What is NRC?

A

Noise reduction coefficient - the average of a materials absorption coefficient at four frequencies (250, 500,1000,2000 Hz)

121
Q

Why do we use NCR values on materials rather than relying on the materials coefficient of absorption?

A

Because the materials coefficient of absorption varies with the frequency of sound, some materials aborsb some frequencies better than other, the NRC finds the average

122
Q

What rating system superseeds NRC?

A

SAA - sound absorption average. Similar to NRC , but the SAA is the average absorption coefficient for the 12 one-third-octave bands from 200Hz to 2500Hz

123
Q

What average sound absorption coefficient should a room be?

A

Minimum 0.2 - anything above 0.5 is undesirable

124
Q

How is the total sound absorption for a room determined?

A

The sum of all the various individual material absorptions in the room

125
Q

What is reverberation?

A

The prolongation of sound as it is repeatedly bounces of hard surfaces

126
Q

What are the three primary ways interior designers can control sound within space?

A
  1. Reduce sound level at the source (not always possible)
  2. Modify the spaces sound absorption
  3. Introducing background sounds to mask the unwanted sound
127
Q

What features can a sound-resistant partition have to that increases it’s STC rating?

A
  1. Double layer wall board (one or both sides)
  2. Insulation in stud cavity (absorbs more sounds as it travels from one layer to the next)
  3. Resilient channels

ADD PIC PG. 14-7

128
Q

How is speech privacy achieved?

A

Providing a certain level of back ground sound to allow people to speak at a normal level and not understood by everyone in the space. This is often required in open office plans

129
Q

What design solutions can be used in an open office plan to achieve speech privacy?

A
  • highly absorptive ceilings
  • sound absorbing space dividers
  • furniture and fixtures arranged to reduce sound reflection
  • background sound masking system
130
Q

What is “ impact noise “ and how is it quantified?

A

Sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier - generally floors (footfall, shuffled furniture, dropped objects etc.)

Quantified by “ impact insulation class” (IIC) number - The higher the IIC rating, the better the floor performs in reducing impact sounds

131
Q

What is the speech range absorption rating system?

A

SRA is similar to NRC but the frequency range tested is 500, 1000,2000, 4000 Hz (a range that more closely represents the frequencies of speech)

132
Q

What is candlepower (cp)?

A

The unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle.

133
Q

What is a lumen (lm)

A

the unit of luminous flux; that is – a measure of the amount of visible light that the human eye can detect from a lamp or light source

134
Q

What is illuminance?

A

Describes the measurement of the amount of light falling onto (illuminating) and spreading over a given surface area

The density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area

135
Q

What variables are involved when determining the proper quantity and quality of light is a space?

A
  • What tasks are being preformed in the space
  • the age of the person preforming tasks
  • reflectances of the room
136
Q

In general, what is the illumination ratio between task lighting and general lighting for most local codes power budgets?

A

General lighting to be 1/3 illuminance of task lighting

137
Q

Approximately, what is the max amount of power that can be consumed in a commercial building

A

2.3 w/sqft

138
Q

What are the considerations when determining light quality?

A

Glare, contrast, uniformity, and colour

139
Q

What are the two types of glare?

A
  1. Direct glare: when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with visual task
  2. Reflected glares: when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye
140
Q

What is the visual comfort propability?

A

The visual comfort probability (VCP) - the percentage of people who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will find the situation acceptable in terms of discomfort glare

141
Q

Where is the critical zone for direct glare?

A

45° angle from the light source

ADD PIC PG. 15-3

142
Q

How can reflecting glare be decreased?

A

Decrease the contrast between task and it’s background. “

143
Q

What are veiling reflections?

A

When a reflected glare interferes with the viewing of a task.

it is an interaction between light source brightness, the position of the task, the reflectivity of the task, and eye position

144
Q

In terms of lighting, what is contrast?

A

The difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points

145
Q

In most situations, what should the brightness ratio be between a task and:

A) immediate surroundings
B) nearby general surroundings
C) remote surroundings

A

A) 1:3
B) 1:5
C) 1:10

146
Q

In addition to daylight, what are the 4 types of light sources?

A

Incandescent, fluorescent, high-intensity discharge (HID) , light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

147
Q

What is efficacy?

A

How efficient a light source is at converting electrical energy into Luminous Flux. It is the ratio of how many lumens are created for a given watt of electrical power consumed.

At 100% efficiency 1 watt of electrical power would produce 683 lumens.

148
Q

What is an incandescent lamp?

A

Tungsten filament placed within a sealed bulb containing an inert gas -when electricity is passed through, the filament glows

149
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps?

A

Advantages: inexpensive, compact, easy to dim, warm colour

Disavantages: low efficiency, short life, highheat out put

150
Q

What are fluorescent lamps?

A

A combination of inert gas and low-pressure mercury,

when the lamp is energized- a mercury arc is formed that creates ultra-violet light.

The uv light strikes the phosphor-coated bulb

causing fluoresce and produces visible light.

151
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to fluorescent lamps?

A

Advantages: high efficiency, relatively low costs, long life, variety of colour temps

Disadvantages: difficult to control precisely, expensive to dim,

152
Q

What is a high-intensity discharge lamp?

A

Produce light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapour under high pressure

153
Q

What is a light-emitting diode lamp? (LED)

A

A semi-conductor device that uses soild-state electronics to create light.

154
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to LED lamps?

A

Advantages: brightness, long life, low power consumption, no heat, controlled by a digital interface

Disadvantages: cost more, lower lumen output

155
Q

What are the 6 lighting systems?

A
  • direct: provide 90 to 100 percent of the light output on the task
  • semi-direct: provide 60 to 90 percent of the down and 10 to 40 percent of light toward the ceiling
  • direct-indirect: provide equal amounts of light up and down
  • indirect: throw from 90 to 100 percent al all light toward a reflective ceiling
  • semi-indirect: provide 60 to 90 percent of the light toward the ceiling and 10 to 40 percent of light toward the task
  • general diffuse (task ambient): provides a general background illumination level

ADD PIC PG. 15-10

156
Q

What are the methods lighting fixtures can be mounted / installed?

A
  • Surface mounted
  • Recessed
  • suspended
  • wall mounted
  • furniture mounted
  • freestanding
  • accessory
157
Q

How is Colour temperature in lighting measured?

A

A single number rating of their dominant colour based on the temperature in degrees Kelvin - lower the number, wormer the colour -higher the number, cooler the colour

ADD PIC PG. 15-12

158
Q

What is a lamps characteristic spectral energy distribution?

A

Measure of energy output at different wavelengths, or colours

159
Q

What is the colour rendering index?

A

CRI is a measure of how well one light source renders the colour of an object when compared with the same object lighted with a reference source of similar chromatically whose CRI is 100

160
Q

What is the process for designing a lighting installation?

A
  1. Determine the function/visual tasks of the space as well as existing conditions
  2. Select lamp type based on factors determine in fist step as well as colour rendition and economy costs
  3. Select luminaire with technical and aesthetic aspects in consideration
  4. Determine quantity and location of the luminaries
161
Q

What is the zonal cavity method?

A

A system that determines the number of luminaries required to provide a given footcandle level

using the efficacy of the lamp (lumen per Watt), the number of lamps in luminaire, the coefficient of utilization of the luminaire, gradual loss of light output over time (lamp lumen depreciation factor), luminaire dirt depreciation factor

162
Q

What is lamp lumen depreciation factor?

A

The gradual loss of light out put of lamps over time

163
Q

What is luminaire dirt depreciation factor?

A

Conditions under which a luminaire will be used, which affects the amount of dirt collected on the lamps overtime

164
Q

What is the coefficient of utilization (cu)?

A

A number used in zonal cavity method that represents how efficient the luminaire distribute the light from the lamps under various degrees of finish reflectivity of the floor, walls, and ceiling

165
Q

How may light switches are in a three way switch?

A

2 switches - the 3 in three way switch represents the number of conductors

166
Q

Why is it beneficial to use daylight in a design?

A

Reduces energy consumption and benefits occupants physical and psychological well-being.

167
Q

What does a photocell control do?

A

Dims electric lighting when it is not need due to maximizing day light. This can reduce permeter energy by 50-60%

168
Q

What problems can daylight cause that need to be addressed when designing?

A

Unwanted heat gain or loss, glare, imbalanced lighting

169
Q

What is a light shelf? How is it used?

A

A horizontal surface placed above eye level that reflects direct day light onto the ceiling while shading the lower portion

ADD PIC PG. 15-18

170
Q

What is daylight factor (DF)?

A

The daylight factor is defined as the ratio of horizontal indoor to outdoor illumination by daylight under continuously overcast sky conditions, expressed as a percentage.

171
Q

What is recommend DF level for ordinary visual tasks and difficult visual tasks?

A

Ordinary: 1.5% difficult: 4%

172
Q

What 3 methods can be used to meet building code jurisdictions for power that can be used for lighting in a building?

A
  1. Building area method: limits total power used by giving a maximum allowable power in watts per sqft
  2. Space-by-space method assigns LPDs to common space types
  3. Energy cost budget method: determines energy cost for specific building design through computer simulation
173
Q

What is lighting power density (LPD)?

A

The maximum allowable power in watts per square foot

174
Q

What are the 4 basic types of wood flooring?

A
  1. Strip flooring: consists of thin strips varying in lengths with toungue-and-groove edges at 2 1/4” wide
  2. Plank flooring: same as strip flooring but 4”- 8” wide
  3. Block flooring: reassembled wood flooring ( I.e. parquet)
  4. End grain blocks: solid pieces of wood laid on their ends
175
Q

What two wood floorings qualify as sustainable?

A
  1. Bamboo (fast growing, not on a tree)
  2. palm wood (by-product of plantation grown coconut palms)
176
Q

What are the too methods for installing wood floor over a concrete sub floor?

A
  1. 3/4” plywood is attached to concrete floor to provide a nailable base with a layer of polyethylene film laid first if moisture is problem
  2. 2” x4” wood sleepers attached to concrete floor with wood flooring landed on top, the sleepers provide air space for any excess moisture can escape.

ADD PIC PG. 16-3

177
Q

What are the 5 most common stones used in interior construction?

A
  1. Granite: igneous rock with visible grains
  2. Marble: metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that, under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains and calcite and/or dolomite.
  3. Limestone: type called travertine used interiors, formed with a network of holes that must be filled with epoxy resin
  4. Slate: fine grain metamorphic rock easily split int thin slabs
  5. Sandstone: sedimentary rock made of sand, when cleaved from original rock it is called flagstone
178
Q

What finishes are available for granite stones?

A
  • polished (mirrored, reflective)
  • honed ( dull sheen, no reflections)
  • fine-rubbed (smooth, no sheen)
  • thermal / flamed (coarse surface)
179
Q

What are the 2 primary install methods for stone flooring?

A
  1. Thin set: stone is set on a subfloor with a special thin -set mortar ( 1/8” or less) or with adhesive
  2. Thick-set: a layer of mortar (3/4” - 1 1/4”) applied to a suitably prepared structurally sound subfloor - The stone is either applied to wet mortar or dried with additional dry-set mortar
180
Q

What ave advantages and disadvantages to thick-set and thin-set stone installation?

A

Thick: compensate for uneven floor or stone thickness but take more time, money, and heavy

Thin: less expensive, light, fast to install, but all stones must be same thickness

181
Q

What is terrazzo?

A

Composite material poured in place or precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, etc., in a matrix that is cementitious or chemical. Terrazzo is poured, cured, ground, and polished to produce a smooth surface

182
Q

What are the 4 basic types of terrazzo?

A
  1. Standard terrazzo: small chips n larger than 3/8”
  2. Venetian terrazzo: chips larger than 3/8”
  3. Palladian terrazzo: thin, random-fractured slabs or marble with standard terrazzo in between
  4. Rustic terrazzo: has matrix depressed to expose the chips
183
Q

What are the 4 methods of terrazzo installation?

A
  1. Sand cushion(best Way to avoid cracks)
  2. bonded method
  3. monolithic method
  4. Thin-set method

ADD PIC PG. 16-7

184
Q

What is a resilient flooring?

A

Composite of materials made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers-formed under heat and pressure to produce thin sheets or tiles

185
Q

What are the 4 common types of resilient flooring?

A

Vinyl, rubber, cork, linoleum

186
Q

Before installing flooring on a concrete, what must the concrete be free of?

A

Excess moisture and alkalinity

187
Q

What are the 3 basic forms of carpet?

A
  1. Rug: soft floor covering not fastened to the floor
  2. Sheet carpet: long rolls installed with no visible seams (typically 12’ wide)
  3. Carpet tiles: individual pieces of carpet applied to floor with pressure sensitive adhesive
188
Q

What advantages does carpet tile have over sheet carpet?

A

Their modular design allows damaged pieces to be replaced without pulling entire carpetup.

189
Q

What fibers are carpets made from?

A
  1. Wool: natural, durable, flame resistant, expensive
  2. Nylon: durable , can be died, cleans easy, economical
  3. Acrylic: more wool appearance, can be died, cleans easy
  4. Polyesters: synthetic polymers, abrasion resistant, cleans easy, mildew resistant, low cost
  5. Olefin: indoor-outdoor use, durable, cleans easy
190
Q

What methods are used to manufacture carpet? Describe them.

A
  1. Weaving: interlacing work and weft yarns (most exspensive)
  2. Tufting: pile of yarn is punched through the backing, similar to sewing machine (cost effective, most common method)
  3. Needle punching: similar to tufting except fibers pulled through a backing with barbed needles
  4. Fusion bonding: embeds pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl ( primarily for carpet tiles)
191
Q

What are the 3 primary weaving methods for carpet manufacturing

A
  1. Wilton method; allows complex pattens and several textures, heavier and more expensive
  2. Velvet method: simplist weave, all pile yarn remains on face of carpet, generally sold colour
  3. Axminster: deliver different colours at different times to produce more complex patterns like floral or geometric

ADD PIC PG. 16-11

192
Q

What benefits does adding cushion to a carpet have?

A

Longer life, better comfort, sound absorption, less impact noice,

193
Q

What are the 4 common carpet cushion materials?

A
  1. Sponge rubber
  2. Foam rubber
  3. Urethane
  4. Felt
194
Q

What are the two way carpet is installed?

A
  1. Direct glue down: carpet is attached to the floor with adhesive
  2. Stretched-in: uses tankless strips attached around the perimeter of the room, the string have embedded sharp points which the carpet is stretched against and held in place.
195
Q

What are the advantages of using tile?

A

Durability, water resistance, ease of install and dealing, wide choice of colour sizes and patterns, fire resistance, fade resistance,

196
Q

What are the common types of tile?

A
  1. Ceramic: made from clay or clay mixture, glazed or unglazed, and fired above red heat
  2. Quarry tile: glazed or unglazed, typically 6 insq facial area, and made by the extrusion process from natural clay
  3. Porcelain: similar to ceramic but uses lighter and denser clay, and fired at a high temperature. The firing process removes almost all water from tile, making for a tile more dense and harder that ceramic
197
Q

What are nonvitreous tiles, impervious tile, and semivitreous tile?

A

Nonvitreous tile: has a water absorption rate more than 7%
Impervious tile: has water absorption rate less than 0.5%
Semivitreous: has water absorption between 0.5% and 7%

198
Q

How are tiles installed?

A
  • Tile laid on a suitable substrate using one of several mortar formulations
  • then joints are filled with grout. The type of mortar and grout used depends on the tile type and job parameters.
199
Q

What are the 2 most common methods of laying a tile floor?

A
  1. Thin-set: tiles laid on a suitable substrate with a thin coating of dry-set or latex-portland cement mortar and grouted
  2. Full mortar bed: tile and reinforced mortar are separated from the structural floor with a cleavage membrane to allow the two floors to move independently
200
Q

When should tiles be installed with a thin-set method or full mortar bed method?

A

Thin-set methods must be used only on level sub-floor that won’t deflect or move in anyway. If these conditions can not be met, full mortar method should be used.

201
Q

When are expansion joints required in ceramic tile floors?

A

For large expanses of tile and where tile abuts restraining surfaces, like at colcums

202
Q

What is laminate flooring/what is it composed of?

A

Composed of a clear wearing sheet over melamine -impregnated decorative printed sheet with core layers of phenolic- impregnated kraft paper, these sheets are laminate to a high density fibreboard core under heat and pressure and covered with a water resistant backing sheet.

203
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of laminate flooring?

A

Advantages: decorative print / endless possibilities, durable, stain resistant, easy to install, low cost

Disadvantages; not natural / environmental factors, not suitable for wet areas

204
Q

What is seamless flooring?

A

Mixture of resin matrix, fillers, decorative materials applied in a liquid form that cures into a hard seamless floor.

205
Q

What situations would a seamless floor be specified?

A

Case where extreme hardness, severe stain resistance, chemical resistance, etc.

Examples: industrial floors, commercial Kitchen, factory, laboratories, parking garage

206
Q

What is “coefficent of friction” (COF)

A

Measurement of the degree of slip resistance on a floor surface between 0-1. The higher the COF , the less slippery the surface

207
Q

What protocol is used to measure COF (coefficient of friction) on a flooring material ?

A

DCOF AcuTest - which is contained in ANSI A137

208
Q

What are the 4 components of paint?

A
  1. Binder:component that gives paints film integrity and holds pigment particles together
  2. Pigments: finely ground natural or synthetic insoluble materials that give paint it’s colour and concealing abilities.
  3. Liquid: keeps paint fluid until it dries to leave a dry film of binder and pigment on the surface
  4. Additives: components added to the paint to impart certain attributes
209
Q

What are solvent-based and water-based paints?

A

Solvent-based: have binders that dissolve in or contain organic solvents.

water-based: have binders that are soluble or dispersed in water

210
Q

What is a stain coating?

A

A clear, solvent-based coating with a small amount of pigment added, which gives colour to the surface but allows the underlying surface to show through

211
Q

What environmental and safthey considerations that need to be considered when specifying paint or recommending its removal

A

Lead-based paint and volatile organic compounds

212
Q

What are the 3 grades of vinyl wall covering?what applications are they used in?

A

Type 1: light duty - residential and low traffic commercial areas (7-13 oz/yd)

Type 2: medium duty - residential, commercial, and moderate traffic institutional areas (13-22 oz/yd)

Type 3: heavy duty - high traffic area like public corridors & hospitals (over 22 oz/yd

213
Q

What are the two important decisions to make when selecting an acoustical panel?

A
  1. Fabric type - must be permable to allow sound energy to pass through and hydrophobic
  2. Core material- loose weave material or a tackable material
214
Q

How are stone slabs attached to walls?

A

Traditional standard-set method:
- 3/4” slab attached to wall substrate with stainless steel wires or ties
- these are anchored to substrate and hold the stone by being set in holes or slots cut into the back or sides of the stone slab.

215
Q

What are the 4 categories of window coverings?

A

Shades, blinds, soft coverings, hard coverings

216
Q

What are the 3 types of shade window coverings? Describe them

A
  1. Roller shades: cloth wound around a spring roller
  2. Roman shades: pull up with a cord into accordion folds
  3. Austrian shades: similar to Roman but pull into scallops

ADD PIC PG 16-22

217
Q

What are the 3 types of blinds?

A
  1. Venetian blinds: horizontal slats whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord and varying levels with another cord
  2. Mini blinds: same as Venetian except slats are mini and angle controlled with rod
  3. Vertical blinds: slats on a vertical top track and can pull to the side to reveal window

ADD PIC PG. 16-22

218
Q

What is the difference between drapery and curtains?

A

Drapery is loosely hung fabric that covers the window, while curtains are also hung fabric-they are hung within the window frame and meant to remain closed.

ADD PIC PG. 16-22

219
Q

What are the 4 types of drapery pleats?

A
  • Pinch pleat,
  • stack pleat,
  • roll pleat
  • accordion pleat
220
Q

What is architectural woodwork?

A

Custom, shop-fabricated Millwork built primarily of lumbar and used for interior finish construction. Sometimes referred to as just “Millwork”

221
Q

What are the 3 grades of Millwork?

A
  1. Premium: highest level quality in material, worskmeship, and install
  2. Customs: most common, still produces high quality job
  3. Economy: minimum level of quality

These 3 grades are defined by AWS architectural woodwork standards

222
Q

What is difference between soft wood and hardwood?

A

Soft wood refers to timber from evergreen trees (pine, fir). Hardwood refers timber from deciduous tress (oak, maple)

223
Q

What 2 forms is timber manufactured into for architectural woodwork?

A
  1. Solid stock: thick piece of lumber used alone to form woodwork component.
  2. Veneer: a thin piece of wood sliced from a log and glued to a backing of particle board or plywood
224
Q

What are the 3 methods solid stock wood is cut from the log?

A
  1. Plain sawing: most efficient, less expensive - cathedral characteristic gran
  2. Quarter sawing: grain is more uniformly vertical - fewer defects
  3. Rift sawing: even more consistent vertical grain - most expensive, lots of waste

ADD PIC PG. 17-3

225
Q

What are the 5 methods of cutting veneer from the log?

A
  1. Rotary slicing: mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife - pronounced grain pattern - undesirable/least amount of waste
  2. Half-round slicing: log cut in half and sliced across growth rings- pronounced grain pattern
  3. Rift slicing: log cut in quarters and sliced across growth rings-Straight grain pattern
  4. Plain slicing: most common method of cutting a log, where the slice is parallel to the center cut of a log. It produces a cathedral pattern at the center of the leaf and a straight pattern at the sides.
  5. Quarter slicing produce a straight line pattern across the face of the veneer.

ADD PIC PG. 17-4

226
Q

What are some of the common wood joints in millwork?

A

Half lap, finger joint, scarf, rabbet, dado, dovetail dado, miter, shoulder miter, splinted miter

ADD PIC PG 17-5

227
Q

What thickness panel product ave used for base cabinets

A

Sides and bottom = 3/4”, back = 1/4”

228
Q

What is a scribe piece?

A

An oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall

229
Q

How does a counter top installer precisely fit the counter material to the layout?

A

Installer creates a template from thin hardboard after base cabinets are installed, then uses this template to precisely cut the countertop

230
Q

What are the 4 basic categories of cabinet door and drawer front construction?

A
  1. Flush - face installed flush with face frame
  2. Lipped overlay
  3. Flush overlay
  4. Reveal overlay

ADD PIC PG. 17-7

231
Q

What are the challenges when specifying a flush construction cabinet door?

A

Overtime., drawers and doors may sag resulting in non-uniform spacing between fronts causing some doors and drawers to bind against the frame.

232
Q

What door and drawer front construction is least expensive? Why?

A

Revel over lay -minor misalignments and sagging are not as noticeable

233
Q

What are the two basic types of wood paneling?

A
  1. Stile and vail: traditional type composed of vertical pieces (stiles) and horizontal pieces (rails) enclosing a paneled area
  2. Flush paneling: has a flat smooth surface with the edges butted together or joined with a reveal
234
Q

What are the methods matching adjacent pieces of veneer and veneer panels?

A
  1. Matching between adjacent veneer leaves
  2. Matching between veneers within a room
  3. Matching panels within a room
235
Q

What are the 3 ways to match adjacent veneer leaves

A
  1. Book matching - symmetrical grain pattern through flipping every other piece
  2. Slip matching - consecutive pieces side by side
  3. Random matching - random sequence from difference batches of veneer

ADD PIC 17-9

236
Q

What are the 3 ways to match veneers within a panel?

A

1, running match: simply alternate book matched veneer pieces regardless of leaf widths
2. Balanced match: veneers trimmed to equal widths in each panel
3. Centre match: an even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that veneer joint in centre of panel

ADD PIC PG. 17-10

237
Q

What are the 3 ways panels can be matched within a room?

A
  1. Pre-manufactured: least expensive, field cut around opening, loss of grain continuity
  2. Sequence match: panels uniform width, made for specific job
  3. Blueprint match: most expensive, manufactured to precisely fit the room

ADD PIC 17-11

238
Q

How is wood paneling hung on a wall?

A

Wood seats or aluminum z -clips, allows panels to move as the wood expands and contract and removes need for exposed fasteners

239
Q

What is high-pressure decorative laminate? ( plastic laminate)

A

Thin sheet of material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a pattern or coloured sheet and a layer of melamine resin. The assembly is then placed in a hot press to fuse all layers together.

240
Q

What are suitable substrates for plastic laminates? Which is most common?

A

Particle board, MDF, hardboardneeneer core.

Most common is 45 lbm density particle board as it’s the most dimensionally stable, provides smooth surface, and sufficient impact resistance

241
Q

How is the amout of carpet needed calculated?

A

Step 1: add all lengths of each carpet roll needed
Step2: multiply total length by (1yd ÷ 3ft) = (0.333333) to convert total length into yards
Step 3: multiply total yard length by 4yds (which is 12ft, which is roll width )
Step 4: round up to nearest whole yard

ADD PIC OF EQUATION 16-24

242
Q

What are some guide lines for choosing carpet seams locations in a space?

A
  • Minimize seams
  • avoid seams on main path of travel
  • avoid seams perpendicular to doorways
  • avoid where light will make seams more apparent
  • place away major design features
  • avoid seams at point of heavy traffic
243
Q

How is amount of carpet needed on stairs calculated?

A

Step 1: calculate total height (# of risers x height of riser)
Step 2: calculate total run (# of treads x length of tread)
Step 3: add height and run together
Step 4: add an extra in to each stair step (# of stairs)(1in)
Step 5: add step 3 and 4 together
Step 6: convert to feet (step 5 total ÷ 12) and round up to nearest whole number
Step 7: multiple step 6 total feet by stair width to get area in ftsq
Step 8: convert ftsq to ydsq: (step 7 ftsq ÷ 9) = ydsq

ADD CALC PG. 16-25

244
Q

How is amount of wallpaper needed calculated with the square footage method for rolls less than 54 inches wide?

A

Step 1: calculate perimeter of the room
Step 2: multiply perimeter by ceiling height to get total sqft
Step 3: add a 20% waste factor to total sqft (multiply sqft by 0.2)
Step 4: calculate the area not being covered I.e. doors (15sqft) windows (15sqft for 2 windows)
Step 5: subtract area not being covered from total sqft
Step 6: divide the area per roll (27in roll has 36sqft - double roll has 72sqft) by step 5 sqft total , round up to nearest whole number

245
Q

What are the 3 types of wallpaper matching methods?

A
  1. Random match: no elements that must be lined up from one strip to another
  2. Straight match: design elements repeat horizontally, each strip starts at the ceiling line in the same place
  3. Half drop match: design elements drop from one strip to the next by half distance of the repeat

ADD PIC 16-28

246
Q

How is the amount of wallpaper with a pattern repeat installed with a half.drop match

A

Use the same steps as the sqft method for rolls less that 54” but use a modified Cri,ing height based on the repeat dimension

Step 1: divide the height of wall in inches by distance it the pattern repeat in inches, round to nearest whole number
Step 2: multiply step 1 by distance of the pattern repeat in inches to get the modified ceiling height
Step 3: multiply modified ceiling height by room perimeter
Step 4: add 20 percent waste factor (step 3 x 0.2)
Step 5: calculate area not covered
Step 6: subtract area not covered from total area
Step 7: divide area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step 6

247
Q

What are standing trims and running trims?

A

Standing trim is an items of fixed length, such as a door or window casing

Running trim is an item of continuing length, such as base board or chair rail

248
Q

What is the difference between standing / running trim and wood molding?

A

Standing / running trim is custom fabricated and installed as a Millwork piece.

Wood molding comes in standard profiles and sizes and is installed as finished carpentry

249
Q

What is the optimum moisture content for Millwork interior-applications for humid regions, dry regions, and inbetwuren?

A

Humid regions: southern states, Newfoundland, costal areas: 8%-13% with average at 11%
Dry regions: southwest states, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba: 4%-9% with average at 6%
In between regions: most of the states, Ontario, Quebec: 5%-10% with average at 8%

250
Q

What opaque finishes are used on Millwork?

A
  1. Lacquer
  2. Varnish
  3. Polyurethane
  4. Polyester
251
Q

What transparent finishes are used on Millwork?

A
  1. Lacquer
  2. Varnish
  3. Vinyl
  4. Penetrating oils
  5. Polyurethane
  6. Polyester
252
Q

What is the difference between water-based and solvent-based wood stains?

A

Water-based have a more uniform colour and raise the grain

Solvent-based dry quickly but do not raise the grain and are less uniform

253
Q

What is sold surfacing? What is it made from?

A

Generic term for homogeneous, polymer-based surfacing materials.it is made from a filter and a clear resin binder

254
Q

What material is a good alternative for stone counter tops? Why?

A

Solid surface - lower cost, lighter weight, and available in patterns resembling stone

255
Q

What is Quartz surfacing?

A

The process where crushed quartz particles are set in a thermoplastic polyester resin mineral oxide pigment which create a durable scratch resistant surface

256
Q

Which is the stronger material? Quartz surfacing, granite for marble?

A

Quartz surfacing

257
Q

What type of carpet construction has no separate primary backing?

A

Woven

258
Q

What effect on hearing does STC rating have on the following?

STC 25
STC 30
STC 35
STC 42-45
STC 46-50

A

STC 25 - normal speech can barely be heard through the barrier

STC 30 - loud speech can be heard and understood fairly well, normal speech is heard but barely understood

STC 35 - loud speech is not intelligible but can be heard

STC 42-45 - loud speech can only be faintly heard; normal speech cannot be heard

STC 46-50 loud speech is not audible; loud sounds other than speech can only be faintly heard if at all

259
Q

What is “platform framing”?

A

Wood studs one story high are placed on a sole plate at the bottom and spanned with a double top plate at ceiling level.

The second floor joists bear on the top plate

PIC PG 12-13

NCIDQ 2023 (6 decks)

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