Topic 2: Design Constraints Flashcards
What is max baluster opening?
4” (100mm)
Define coproduct
A marketable byproduct from a process that can include materials traditionally considered to be waste but that can be used as raw material in a different manufacturing process
Define: demand controlled ventilation
A system designed to adjust the amount of ventilation air provided to a space, based on the extent of occupancy. The system normally uses carbon dioxide sensors, but can use occupancy sensors or air quality sensors
Define: embodied energy
The total energy required to extract, produce, fabricate, and deliver a material to job site
Including the collection of raw materials, the energy used to extract and process the raw material, transportation from original site to processing plant or factory, the energy required to turn raw material into a finished product, and energy required to transport to job site
Define: post-consumer
Refers to a material or product that has served it’s intended use and has been diverted or recovery from a waste destined or disposal, having completed its life as a consumer item
Define: post-industrial
Reffing to materials generated in n manufacturing process (trimmingorscrape) that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste. Also called pre-consumer
Define: renewable product
A product that can be grown, naturally replenished, or cleanse at a rate that exceeds humane manufacturing process.
Define: Sustainable
The condition of being able to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations
Define: Area of refuge
An event where persons unable to use stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assistance during emergency evacuation
Define: corridor
An enclosed exit access component that defines and provides a path of egress travel to an exit. A corridor may or may not be protected depending on the particular requirements of the code.
Define: exit access doorway
A door or access point along the path of egress travel from an occupied room, area, or space where the path of egress enters an intervening room, corridor, enclosed exit access stair, or enclosed exit access ramp.
Define: egress court
A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more required exits. Firmly called exit egress
Define: exit enclosure
A fully enclosed portion of an exit that is only used as a means of egress and provides for a path of egress either in a or vertical horizontal direction. In most cases, exit enclosures mean protected stairways
Define: exit passageway
A horizontal fully enclosed portion of an exit that is only used as a means of egress. An exit passageway leads from an exit doorway to an exit discharge or public way. Common example: exit from the door at ground level of an interior stairway that leads through a building to an outside exit
Define: horizontal exit
An exit through a minimum 2 hour rated wall that divides a building into two or more separate exit access to afford safety from fire and smoke.
Define: stair
A change in elevation, consisting of one or more risers
Define: stairway
One or more flights of stairs, either exterior or interior, with the necessary landings and plotforms connecting them, to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one level to another
Define: travel distance
The measurement of the distance between the most remote occupiable point of an area or room to the entrance of the nearest exit that serves it.it is part of the exit access and is measured in a straight a long the line path of exit travel.
Define: combustible
Material that will ignite and burn, either as a flame or glow, that undergoes this process in air at pressures and temperature that might occur during a fine
Define: fire assembly
An assembly of a fire door, fire window, or fire damper, including all required anchorage, frames, silk, and hardware
Define: fire barrier
A fire-resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assembly designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected. 1-4 hour rating
Define: fire partition
A fire-resistive component used to separate dwelling units in r-2 construction, guest rooms in r-1 construction, and tenant spaces in covers mall buildings;they are also used as corridor walls.
Does fire barrier or fire partitions have more strict requirements?
Fire barrier
Define: fire protective rating
The period of time an opening assembly can confine a fire or maintain integrity when test in accordance with nfpa252 (doors) nfpa257 (windows)
What does an assembly that requires a fire-protected rating have to withstand?
Must with stand fire exspoure and thermal shook as would an assembly that required fire-resistance rating, but it need not with stand heat transmissionas walls, columns, and floors do.
Define: fire rated glazing
Glazing with either a fire-protection rating or a fire resistance rating.
Define: fire resistance
The property of a material or assembly to withstand or resist the spread of fire or give protection from it.
Define: fire resistance rating
The period of time a building component such as a wall, floor, roof, beam, orcolumn can confine a fire or maintain it’s structural integrity or both,when tested in accordance with ASTM E119. This is different from fire-protection rating, which involves protected opening assemblies
What is ASTM E119
Standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials
Define: flame resistance
The ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it.this is for individual materials as well as combinations of components when test in accordance with NFPA 701
Define: flame spread
The propagation of flame over a surface
What are the 10 major occupancy groups?
A - assembly
B - business
E - education
F - factory and industrial
H - hazardous
I - institutional
M - mercantile
R - residential
S - storage
U - utility
What is a fire partition?
A wall assembly with a fire-resistance rating of 1 hour
Where are fire partitions used?
- Walls separating dwelling units
- Walls separating guest rooms (R1,R2,I1)
- Walls separating tenant spaces in covered malls spaces
- Corridor walls
- Elevator lobby separation for I-2 and I-3
What is NFPA 252?
Standard methods of fire tests of door assemblies - evaluates the ability of a door assembly to resist the passage of flames heat, and gases.
What is NFPA 257
Standard on fire tests for window and glass block assemblies - determines the degree of protection from the spread of fire, including flame, heat, and not gases.
What is the “ hose stream ‘ portion of fire tests for door and window assemblies?
Determines if the door or window will stay within its frame when subjected to a standard blast from a fire hose
What is ASTM E84? How is test preformed?
Standard Test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials. Also known as Steiner tunnel test. Test is preformed in a harrow test chamber with a sample piece that has a controlled flame at one end.
What is the “smoke developed index”? And what test generates this number?
A number representing the amount of smoke generated as a material burns in the test chamber. ASTM E84 (standard test methods for surface burning characteristics of building materials
What are the 3 groups/classes based on the ASTM E84 test
- Class A: 0 - 25 flame spread rating (most fire resistant)
- Class B: 26 - 75 flame spread rating
- Class C: 76 - 200 flame spread rating
Most codes require a smoke density of _____ or less?
450
What is the ADA?
Americans with disabilities act. Regulate the removal of barriers for people with disables.it is not a code or standard, but a piece of civil rights legislation
Can local jurisdictions write their own building codes?
Yes. But most cases a model code is adoptédinto law by reference.
What is a model code?
A code that has been written by a group comprised of experts knowledgeable in the field., without reference to any particular geographical area. If certain provisions are needed, the model code will be enacted with modification.
What is the primary model code? What is the primary code for Canada?
IBC - international building code
NBC - National building code of Canada
What does ASTM stand for? What do they do?
American society for testing materials, they publish thousands of test procedures that prescribe in detail all requirements. They do not actually preform the tests, but create the standards used by testing agencies.
What does NFPA stand for? What do they do?
National fire protection association, they create standards related to causes and prevention of destructive fires
What does ANSI? What do they do?
American national standards institute - they do not develop or create test standards, they instead approve standards developed by other organizations, they work to avoid standard duplication between organizations.
When a material or product standard requires a test procedure, where are these performed?
In a NRTL nationally recognized testing laboratory - an independent laboratory recognized by the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA)
What is “means of egress”?
A continuos and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way.
What are the 3 parts of a means to egress?
Exit access, exit, and exit discharge.
What is exit access and exit discharge?
Exit access is the portion of means of egress that leads to the entrance of an exit,i.e. The corridor on a second level which has a door to a staircase.
Exit discharge is the portion of the egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way. I.e. An exit balcony or stair case on the exterior of a building
What is occupant load?
The number of people that a building code assumes will occupy a given building or portion of a building based on its Occupancy classification
How are occupancy loads determined for areas without fixed seating?
Taking the area assigned to a particular use and dividing it by the occupant load factor as given in the code.
Occupant load factor = Area ÷ occupant
How are occupancy loads determined for areas with fixed seating?
Taking the actual number of fixed seats installed and adding the occupant load of areas without fixed seats.
What is occupant load factor?
The amount of area presumed to be occupied by one person and seen in table 1004.5 in IBC
