Topic 1: Design Concepts And Programming Flashcards
1
Q
What simultaneous contrast?
A
When the same colour appears to change depending on the background colour it is seen against
2
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
Holds that humans innately perceive things as a whole-this theory asserts that perception is not a response to individual bits of stimulus but to the whole, and people actively add structure to what they see rather than just reacting to it
3
Q
For Interior designers, gestalt psychology suggests…..
A
That individual elements cannot be placed or designed as single entities, but must be seen as part of a larger environment
4
Q
What are the principles of gestalt psychology?
A
- Grouping - states humans perceive separate units in the visual field as a group by proximity, similarity, direction, and context
- Closure - the tendency to perceive incomplete forms as complete
- Continuity - the tendency to to see a line or shape as continuing in a particular direction rather than making a sharp turn
- Simplicity - people prefer the simplest, most stable organization of forms or the overall structure of elements in a visual field rather than complex individual parts.
5
Q
What is perceptual constancy?
A
The tendency of humans to precive an object or space as the same regardless of changes to viewed angle, distance, lighting, etc.
6
Q
What are the 4 types of perceptual constancy?
A
- Shape
- Size
- Lightness
- Colour
7
Q
What are 5 social / cultural beliefs that influence interior design?
A
- Political
- Economic
- Cultural
- Symbolism
- Religionism
8
Q
What is Maslow hierarchy of needs?
A
The human motivation based on the pursuit of different level of needs- The most basic needs must be met first before moving to meet level
9
Q
What are the 5 levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
- Physiological needs - Food, water, and minimal body comfort
- Safety - personal security, employment, health
- Sense of Belonging and love - friendship, intimacy, family
- Self esteem - respect, status, recognition, freedom
- Self actualization - desire to become the most one can be
10
Q
What is a behaviour setting?
A
A particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behaviour occurs at a particular time.
Example: weekly board meeting of directors in a conference room, it follows certain procedures, in the same place, with the same layout
11
Q
Why is behaviour settings useful for interior designers?
A
Provides interior designers with definable unit of design by knowing the people invouled and activities taking place, programmatic concepts can be developed to support the setting
12
Q
Define territoriality
A
People’s need to claim spaces they occupy as the to reflect their self identity and freedom or choice.
Example: personalizing desk at work office or school club putting up banners/posters
13
Q
What are proxemics?
A
Deals with the issue of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space and positioning of people in space.
Example: strangers will sit as for as possible from eachotherand friends will sit close when given options
14
Q
What are the 4 basic distances in the theory of proxemics?
A
- Intimate distance 0” - 18”
- Personal distance 18” - 48”
- Social distance 4’ - 12’
- Public distance 12’ +
15
Q
How can an environment facilitate or hinder group interaction?
A
Groups are predisposed to act in a particular way, if the setting in not conductive to the activities, people will try to modify the environment/ their behaviour to make the activity work
Example: large round tables encourage collaboration in a class room, but if classroom is filled with individual desks, people will either change their environment (move desks into circle) or not collaborate and use desks as intended.
16
Q
How can a person’s status be communicated in an interior environment?
A
A persons location or position can communicate status.interior design programs should investigate the requirements or implications of status when designing environments
examples:
corner office vs office with only 1 exterior wall
Large office vs small office
Table near entrance vs washrooms in restaurant
17
Q
What are the elements of design?
A
- Form
- Scale
- Colour
- Texture
- Pattern
- Light
18
Q
Elements of design: what are the components of form?
A
- Point - a position with no dimension
- Line - object or for. Whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth
- Plane - firm with two dominate dimensions, length & width
- Shape - unique characteristic of an object or space that defines it as distinct from adjacent objects
19
Q
Elements of design: what is form?
A
Form is the basic shape & configuration of an object or space.
20
Q
Elements of design: what is scale?
A
Scale is the relative size of something as related to another elements known size.
21
Q
What is the most common scale reference?
A
Human. Objects & spaces are judged relative to the size & form of the human body.
22
Q
How is scale judged when there is no human reference?
A
Comparing one object or space’s size with another object in space - comparing door height to ceiling height. However this does not give a true sense of scale without knowing the comparison to a humon figure.
23
Q
Elements of design: what is colour?
A
A physical property of visible light that is apart of the larger electromagnetic spectrum, each colour differs from each other by it’s wavelength
24
Q
What is additive colour?
A
Colours created with light
25
How is the colour of an object conveyed?
By the colour of light an object absorbs t amount of light it reflects to the eye
26
What is subtractive colour?
Colours created with pigments. When all codours of pigment are equal you see black when pigments are mixed unequal amounts, they absorb various colours of light striking them.
27
What are the 3 primary colours of light?
Red, green, & blue _ they create white light when combined equally
28
What are the 3 primary colours of pigment?
Red, yellow, blue
29
What are the 3 basic qualities of colour?
1. Hue - the basic colour aka blue, green, etc,
2. Value - decribes the degree of lightness or darkness of the colour in relation to black or white
3. Intensity (chroma) - defined by the degree of purity of a hue
30
What happens when white, black, and grey, are added to a colour new?
White raises value creating a tint, black lowers value creating a shade, gray of same value creates a tone
Adding colour opposite of colour wheel also creates a tone
31
What is the Brewster colour system?
The familiar colour wheel where pigments are organized.
Red blue yellow primary pigments can not be mixed from other pigments
Green, orange, purple secondary colours from equally mixed primary colours
Primary mixed with adjacent secondary creates a tertiary colour
32
What is the mussel colour system?
Defines colour more accurately than the colour wheel and uses 3 scales in 3 dimensions to specify the values of hue, value, and intensity (chroma).
ADD PIC
33
What are complementary colours?
Opposite to each other on the colour wheel and reinforce one another. They heighten eachothers saturation.
34
What happens when two none complementary colours are placed beside one another
Each colour appears to tint the other with it's own complement, making them look farther away on the colour wheel than they actually are.
35
What happens when two primary colours are seen together
The colours will appear tinted with the third primary colour
36
Back ground colour will absorb the same colour in a second non-complentary colour place above it. - give example.
A red back ground with an orange subject will absorb/pull the red from the subject, making it appear more yellow
37
What happens when neutral grey is placed on a warm and cool background?
Grey will appear warm when placed on a cool background, and warm on a cool background.
38
What are the general psychology of red, yellow, green, blue
Red: exciting, hot
Yellow: cheerful
Green: nature, restful
Blue: calming, restful, dignity
39
What are the general psychology of warm and cool colours
Cool: restful & quiet _ warm: active & stimulating
40
How can Hue, value, and intensity ( chroma) effect the spatial perception of a space / object?
Light/bright/warm Colours make a space /object appear larger & lighter while dark colours will make a space or object appear smaller & heavier.
41
How can you use the effect of colour on spatial perception to make the following
1. Make a long narrow room feel wider
2. Lower a high ceiling
1. Paint the end walls a bright warm colour and side walls a lighter cooler colour
2. Paint ceiling darker colour than the walls
42
What are the 5 common colour schemes? Describe each
1. Monochromatic - one hue with different variations of value and intensity
2. Analogous - uses hues close to each other on colour wheel without extending pass 90 degree on colour wheel
3. Complementary- uses hues opposite on colour wheel
4. Triad - uses three colours equally spaced on colour wheel
5. Tetrad - uses four colours that are equally spaced on colour wheel
43
Elements of design: what is texture?
The surface quality of a material - from the inherent structure of the material or from the application of some type of coating over the material
44
What are two types of texture?
1. Actual -physical qualify sensed by the touch
2. Visual-what people think a surface to be simply by looking at it and based on memory of similar textures
45
How is a surface's texture affected by the relationship of other nearby textures?
A texture will appear more smooth or rough when directly compared to other textures
Example: sand finish plaster appears rough when besides a smooth shiny metal, but appears smooth next to an exposed concretewall
46
How does viewing distance affect texture?
The further away a texture is viewed, the less detail the human eye can see making textures appear smoother.
47
How does lighting affect the appearance of texture?
Diffused or strong direct lighting will wash a texture out, strong side lighting will emphasis the actual texture.
48
Elements of design: what is pattern?
The repetition of a decorative motif on a surface.
49
Elements of design: what is lighting?
The means by which all other aspects of the environment are seen and how space and objects are perceived.
50
What does a good lighting scheme require?
A combination of technical and aesthetic sensibilities
51
What are some elements a good lighting design can achieve?
1. Set or enhance the mood of an interior space
2. Give added interest to the visual environment
3. Accent and emphasize objects and areas
3. De-emphasize undesirable areas
4. Highlights surfaces and textures
5. Enhance colour
6. Affect spatial perception
52
What are the 6 principles of design?
1. Balance
2. Harmony & unity
3. Rhythm
4. Emphasis and focus
5. Contrast & variety
6. Proportions
53
Principles of design: what is balance?
The arrangement of elements in a composition to achieve visual equilibrium.
54
Balance depends on the idea of visual weight - what are elements that make an object "heavier"?
Size, shape, complexity, coloure, texture, & location.
Examples:
1. Larger objects are heavier than smaller objects
2. Highly details objects are heavier than plain ones
3. Dark elements are heavier than light ones
4. Complex or unusual shapes are heavier than simple ones
55
What are the three types of balance? Describe them.
1. Symmetrical - consists of identical elements arranged equally about a common axis
2. Asymmetrical - depends on equalizing the visual weights of non similar elements in a composition within a visual field or common axis
3. Radial balance - type of symmetrical balance where elements are arranged uniformly around a centre point
56
Principles of design: what is harmony?
The agreement of parts of a composition to each other and to the whole. The way in which a large variety of forms, shapes, colours, textures, and pattens found in an interior is balanced
57
Principles of design: what is rhythm?
The repetition of elements in a regular pattern.
58
Principles of design: what is emphasis & focus?
When the most important component of an environment is highlighted lat the forefront of the design
59
Principles of design: what is contrast
The juxtaposition of dissimilar elements
60
Principles of design: what is proportion?
The relationship between one part of an object or composition and another part and to the whole
61
How does proportion differ from scale?
Unlike scale, proportion does not depend on the known size of another object.
Example: parts of a table can be perceived as in or out of proportion to one another without knowing the actual size of a table
62
What is the golden ratio?
A line that is divided into two unequal segments where the ratio between the small segment & large segment is the same as the large segment if the whole line.when trans rated to q rectangle, this becomes the golden section
The ratio developed to these proportions is phi (1.618)
63
What is the modulor system?
An anthropometric scale of proportions based on the height of a man with their arms raised.
Scale starts from dividing the height at the waist line / naval and second proption is top of head to figure tips. From these three dimensions, all others are developed
ADD PIC
64
What is programming?
A process during which information about a problem is collected, analyzed, and clearly stated to provide a basis for design.it defines a problem before a solution is attempted.
65
What types of elements & information are gathered during programming?
- clients goals
- existing building analysis
- aesthetic considerations
- space needs
- adjacency requirements
- code review
- budget requirements
- scheduling requirements
66
What is the five-step process? In regards to programming
Is a popular programming method which involves
1. **Goals** - what does client want to achieve? Why?
2. **Facts** - what do we know? What is given?
3. **concepts** - how does the client want to achieve the goals?
4. **Needs** - how much money and space? What level of quality?
5. **Problem** - what are the significant conditions affecting the design of the space? What are the general directions the design should take?
67
What is a programmatic concept? How does it differ from a design concept?
Programmatic concept is a performance requirement related to methods of solving a problem or satisfying a need. A Design concept is a specific physical response that attempts to achieve a programmatic concept.
68
What are the 4 major considerations during programming? Describe them.
1. Form - relates to existing conditions in a space, physical & psychological environment, and quality of construction
2. Function - relates to the people using the space, activities performed, and relationship of the spaces to eachother
3. Economy - concerns money: initial costs, operational costs, and lifecycle costs
4. Time - describes past present and futures as they affect the other 3 considerations
69
What is anthropometric?
The measurement of the size, proportions, range of motion of the human body.
70
What are static & dynamic anthropometric measurements?
Static: measures human body at rest
Dynamic: measures human body while proforming actives
71
What is ergonomics?
The study of relationship between human physiology and the physical environment. Uses information developed by anthropometrics but goes further by studying exactly now humans interact with pysical objects
72
What are the information gathering methods used in programming?
1. Client interview
2. Questionnaires
3. Observation
4. Field survey
5. Precedent studies
6. Case studies
73
What is a precedent study?
The process of looking at previously completed designs, construction, methods or material choice to guide or suggest the solution to a current problem
74
What is a case study?
A detailed analysis of an existing facility or interior design that is similar to a proposed project., to learn how it functions and meets the needs of it's users
75
How does a precedent study differ from a case study?
Case studies examine entire facilities or interior designs and the interrelatedness of various parts, instead of individual pieces of a design that a precedent study looks at.
76
What is benchmarking?
A research process that compares project data against datasets from other similar projects - this is a way to develop baselines for a specific type of information; a point of reference against other things, people, costs, time, or activities can be measured.
77
What is a site analysis?
The investigation and evaluation of conditions within which the project will be completed.
78
What tasks are included in a site analysis?
1. Reviewing architectural plans
2. Walking through the space
3. Measuring the space
4. Photographing the space
5. Determining views from the space
6. Understanding the neighbourhood and social context
7. Documenting the space including locating structure, utilities, built-ins, etc.
8. Taking inventory of existing furniture and equipment to be reused
9. Analyzing code relevant to space / project
79
What are the 3 ways to determine how much space is needed for a room?
1. Multiply the area one person needs by the total number of people that will use the space. (There are guidelines for amount of space a person needs who are engaged in certain activities)
2. By the size of a key piece of equipment or furniture
3. Through a built-in set of rules or custom relate to activity it's self.
80
What are the 4 common work-flow types that can affect the interior design of a work place ? Describe them.
1. Linear - work or business process proceeds in a strict sequence from one location to another
2. Centralized - work is controller from one centre location
3. Departmental - hierarchical, typically one group controlling work divided into separate departments
4. Network - no workflow method
81
W hat items on a building code checklist be known before space planning begins?
- occupancy group
- gross arera
- occupant load
- requirements for path of travel egress
- number of exits required, max distnace, and arrangement
- minimum width of exits
- allowable length of dead end corridor
- accessibility requirements
- requires space seperations between occupancies if required
- requirements for doors, glazing, ramps, and stairs
82
Depending on building type & lease type, what are some common requirements that affect the interior design process of leased building?
- rentable-useable ratio
- work letter building standards for partitions, doors, lights, ect.
- limitations of design and finishes
- Regulations for signage
- security requirements
- window covering requirements
83
What are the 6 conceptual plan arrangements? Describe them.
1. Open - no space defining partitions, no hierarchy, free flow
2. Linear - arranges spaces in a row (corridors)
3. Axial - Aligns spaces on a significant feature, combine of linear and centralized
4. Centralized - uses a single dominate space with secondary spaces grouped around it
5. Grid - arranges spaces on a predefined, regular pattern of points or intersections
6. Clustered - organizes spaces based on proximity to each other, usually these clusters are organized on a axis or centralized to help people keep orientation within the space
PG 6-8
84
What are the 4 main ways spaces can connect or relate to one another?
1. Adjacent spaces - separated spaces located next to eachother
2. Overlapping spaces - two space that have their own unique limits but have a share a common space
3. Spaces sharing a common space - two spaces which have their own unique limits but share a common third space which also has its own unique limits
4. Space within another space - when a clearly identifiable space or room is placed as an object within a larger space
85
What elements are common to all interior designs that designers use to solve design problems
Walls, ceilings, floors, steps, doors, glazing.
86
What are the 3 purposes details in an interior design serve?
1. Basic - connecting larger design components together
2. Solve functional problems
3. Enhance the intent of overall design concept
87
What are the 3 basic types of adjacency needs?
People, product,& information
88
What is a bubble diagram?
Proportionality size bubbles representing different spaces and their adjacency relationships to other spaces through connecting lines. Thicker the line, more important of an adjacency
89
What is an adjacency matrix?
A table with all required spaces labeled along top and side creating a grid where symbols to represent type of adjacency are placed in a man grid space of two different spaces.
90
What is a stacking diagram?
A drawing that shows the locations of major spaces or departments when a project occupies more than one floor.
91
What is space planning?
The process used to **translate programmatic needs and broad design concepts into a physical plan** of the space by organizing major rooms and areas, determining circulation systems, and laying out furniture.
92
What is a base plan?
A plan of the existing space and conditions in which the new design will be placed.
93
What are existing conditions that affect the interior design of a project
1. Relationship to surrounding area
2. Existing size
3. Location views
4. Any special features I.e. vaulted ceilings
5. Structural considerations, I.e. existing columns
6. Exiting Plumbing locations
94
What are 3 basic circulation patterns?
1. Dumbbell layout - spaces are laid out across a path with two major elements at each end
2. Doughnut layout - makes a complete loop. Only appropriate for larger groups of spaces to keep the usable space to circulation space should be low as possible
3. Radial layout - oriented on one major space with paths extending from its central area.
95
What are the 3 steps to think about when creating a furniture layout?
1. Determine the types and number of individual pieces
2. Consider the space between each piece and their orientation to each other
3. Think about the access to the furniture group in relation to existing elements
96
What additional considerations should be made on a space planning exercise besides efficient circulation and maintaining adjacencies?
Public vs. Private, enclosed vs. Open, and sustainability
97
What is the order of drawing progression for preliminary design drawings
1. Bubble diagram
2. Concept diagram
3. Block diagram
4. Final schematic space plan
98
What rooms should face east /south east? Why?
Bedrooms, office, kitchen
Exposed to morning sun without having excessive heat - cool in the afternoon/evening
99
What rooms should face north? - why?
Cellar, laundry, garage.
Sun faces the least - coldest exposure
100
What rooms should face south? Why?
Rooms family spend lots of time in -living room
Has most light and best thermal comfort
101
What rooms should face west? Why?
Generally undesirable - Sun exposure in afternoon when sun is hottest - good for winter
102
What is convergent photogrammetry?
Convergent photogrammetry entails **using photographs from different angles to create athree-dimensional model.** This process takes a long time but is relatively inexpensive
103
What type of space is best for hand measuring?
useful, low-cost method to use when measuring **spaces of moderate size and complexity**, and does not require access to special tools or software
