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topic 3 - attachments Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment?

A

a close two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individuals see the other as essential for their own emotional security

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2
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A

caregiver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated way

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3
Q

what is reprocity?

A

a description of how 2 people interact. Caregiver-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both caregiver and baby respond to each other’s signal and each elicit a response from the other side

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4
Q

what does it mean if a study has individual differences?

A

it can’t be generalized

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5
Q

what is limited hawthorne effect?

A

when people aren’t susceptible to conformity (babies)

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6
Q

what are the 4 features that identify if a baby has formed an attachment?

A

separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, secure base behaviour, reunion behaviour

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7
Q

what are the 4 stage of attachment?

A

asocial, indiscriminate, specific attachments, multiple attachments

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8
Q

what is the asocial stage of attachment?

A

it lasts until 6 weeks after birth, no discrimination between humans

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9
Q

what is the indiscriminate stage of attachment?

A

6 weeks to 6 months old, can tell people apart, still no fear of strangers

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10
Q

what is the specific attachment stage of attachment?

A

7 months old, separation anxiety from their caregiver, stranger anxiety, can recognize faces

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11
Q

what is the multiple attachment stage of attachment?

A

10 months old, attachment grows with caregiver, the child form attachments with more adults

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12
Q

what was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

to investigate the development of infant attachments

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13
Q

what was the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

a longitudinal study of 6o babies from a working class area of Glasgow. At the start of the investigation, infants ranged from 5 to 23 weeks old, and they were studied until they turned 1. Mothers were visited every 4 weeks and they would report their infant’s response to separation in seven everyday situations. The mother was asked to describe the intensity of any protest, which was then rated on a four point scale. The mother was asked to say at whom the protest was directed. Stranger anxiety was also measured by assessing the infant’s response to the interviewer at each visit.

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14
Q

what were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

between 25 and 32 weeks of age, about 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult (usually the mother). Attachment tended to be towards the caregiver who was the most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions. By the age of 40 weeks 80% of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed the multiple attachments.

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15
Q

what was the conclusion of Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

attachment develops in stages.

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16
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles?

A

secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized

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17
Q

what was the aim of mary Aisnsworth’s strange situation?

A

to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of attachment

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18
Q

what was the procedure of of Mary ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

baby and their mother are placed in a room with a two way mirror. Psychologists test secure base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and reunion behaviour

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19
Q

what were the findings of mary Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

she identified 3 types of attachment

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20
Q

what is a secure attachment?

A

regularly explore but return to their caregiver, stranger anxiety, upset when the mother leaves but happy when she returns. The most common attachment type

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21
Q

what is insecure -avoidant attachment?

A

explore frequently but don’t show secure base behaviour, little reaction when the mother leaves and returns, little stranger anxiety

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22
Q

what is insecure-resistant?

A

don’t explore much, high levels of stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort when caregiver returns. Rarest attachment type

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23
Q

what is the evaluation of Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A

may be culture bound as a child in the USA may be different from children in other cultures. Good reliability as it was filmed and watched by observers. It only had 3 attachment styles.

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24
Q

what was the procedure of Harlow’s comfort and love?

A

16 monkeys were separated from their mothers immediately after birth. They were placed in cages with 2 surrogate mothers - wire and cloth. 8 of the monkeys were weaned on the wire mother, and the others by the cloth mother. They were studied for various lengths of time

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25
what were the results of Harlow’s comfort and love?
both groups of monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother. The second group only went to the wire mother for food. In scary situations, they sought comfort with the cloth mother. The infant explored more when the cloth mother was there
26
what is the learning theory?
an explanation for attatchment that emphasizes the importance of the attachment figure as a provider of food
27
what is bowlby's monotropic study?
emphasis on an attachment to ONE caregiver, usually the mother. A child's attachement to this one caregiver is different and more important
28
what is the critical period?
Bowlby proposed there's a critical period around 6 months-2 years. If an attachment is not formed during this time, a child will find it much harderr to form one later/
29
what is the internal working model?
a child forms a mental representation of their relationship with their primary attachment figure, which serves as a model for their future relationships
30
what is the evaluation for the learning theory?
counter evidence - animal (harlow's monkeys) & human research (usually mother anyway, interactional synchrony) conditioning - feel warm and comfortable with particular adult
31
what did Lorenz research?
imprinting
32
what was the procedure of Lorenz’s study?
he randomly divided a large clutch of goose eggs. Half the eggs were hatched with the mother goose in their natural environment. Half of them hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw as Lorenz
33
what were the findings of Lorenz’s experiment?
the incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere, whereas the control group followed their mother goose. When the two groups were mixed, they continued to follow the same person
34
what is imprinting?
when bird species that are mobile from birth attach and follow the first moving object they see. Lorenz also found that this is a critical period (usually the first few hours)
35
what is research support for Lorenz?
Regolin and Vallortigara exposed chicks to simple shape combinations that moved. A range of shapes were moved in-front them and they followed the original most closely.
36
what is a limitation of Lorenz’s experiment?
the human attachment system is quite different to that of birds e.g. for humans it’s a two-way system. This means it’s probably not appropriate to generalize Lorenz’s ideas to humans
37
What was a strength for Harlow’s research?
it’s important to real-world applications e.g. it’s helped social workers and clinical psychologists understand that a lack of bonding experience may be a risk factor in child development allowing them to intervene to prevent poor outcomes
38
what is a limitation of Harlow’s research?
it lacks an ability to be generalized to findings and conclusions from monkeys to humans. Monkeys are more similar to humans then birds are m, but the human brain and human behaviour is still more complex then that of monkeys
39
what are the ethical issues of Harlow’s research?
it caused severe and long-term distress to the monkeys. However, his findings and conclusions have important theoretical and practical applications
40
what did Schaffer and Emerson find out in their study on the role of the father?
3% of fathers are the primary attachment, 75% of fathers are the secondary attachment by 18 months
41
what was Grossman's study on Fathers?
longitudinal study on babies until they were teenagers, Researchers looked at parent's behaviour and it's relationship to their baby's later attachments. Baby's attachment o mother but not father was related to attachments in adolescence. Suggests that the attachment. to the father is less important. However he also found that the quality of the father's play with the baby was related to the quality of adolescent attachments. Fathers are more related to play and stimulation - not emotional development
42
what was Field’s study on the role of the father?
film a baby's interactions to a primary caregiver mum, secondary caregiver dad, and primary caregiver dad. Primary caregiver dads spent more time interacting with the child then secodary caregiver dads. Fathers who engaged in reciprocity and interactions synchrony were just as likely as mothers to be the primary attachment figure
43
what is an evaluation for the role of the father?
confusion over the research question as some want to understand it it as SAF but others as PAF, conflicting evidence as children without fathers develop fine, real world application as it can offer advice to parents, bias due to stereotypes about the father's role causing unintentional observer bias
44
why couldn’t you apply the findings of SSP to other cultures?
it’s ethnocentric, it’s a lab study, it’s androcentric (only with mothers)
45
why could you apply the findings of SSP to other cultures?
it has a standardized procedure, you can change the context to match the environment
46
what are cultural variation?
the differences between people or different groups
47
what was the aim of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study on cultural differences?
to investigate the types of attachment across cultures and if the 3 attachments styles applied, and to investigate if attachment styles are universal across cultures or culturally specific
48
what was the procedure of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
data from 32 studies across 8 countries. All 32 studies used the strange situation procedure. They calculated the average percentage for the different attachment styles in each country.
49
what were the findings of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
secure attachment was the most common in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
50
what was the conclusion of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
It supports Ainsworth's study but we have to take into account cultural variations.
51
what is the evaluation fo Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
-large sample size of 1,990 children across 8 countries -samples are unrepresentative of the culture (15 studies in America but only 1 in China) -
52
what is another study that supports cultural differences?
In Italy, 76 12 month old babies were assessed using the strange situation. 50% were secure, 36% were resistant. This is a higher level of Secure, and lower level of resistant then usual. This could be because more mothers are working and using childcare. This shows that patterns of attachment vary in line with cultural change
53
what is Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?
the continual Prescence of care from a mother or mother substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually. Being separated from their mothers in early childhood has serious consequences.
54
what is separation vs deprivation?
separation means not being in the presence of their primary attachment figure. Brief separations aren't significant for development, but extended separation can lead to deprivation. Separation only becomes a problem when the child is deprived from emotional care.
55
what effects does maternal deprivation have on development?
intellectual development: delayed intellectual development, characterised by low IQ, children who remained in institutions had lower IQ's then those who were fostered Emotional development: affectionless psychopathy is the inability to experience strong emotions to others, prevents people from developing fulfilling relationships, associated with criminality
56
what was the aim of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
to examine the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
57
what was the procedure of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
44 criminal teenagers, all interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, families were interviewd to identify whether the thieves had prolonged early separation, compared to 44 non-criminals but emotionally disturbed young people
58
what were the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
14 of the 44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths, 12 had experienced prolonged separation in their first 2 years, only 5 of the remaining 30 had experienced separation, only 2 of the control group had experienced separation
59
what was the conclusion of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
prolonged early separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy
60
evaluation of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?
flawed evidence because Bowlby conducted the study himself, biased because he knew in advance which teens expected to show signs of AP, Bowlby was also influenced by the findings of Goldfarb's which had problems of confounding variables
61
what was the aim of Rutter's study?
to examine the extent to which good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions
62
what was the procedure of Rutter's study?
165 adopted Romanian orphans in the UK, assessed physical, cognitive, and emotional development at different ages, compared to a control group of 52 adopted children in the uk
63
what were the findings of Rutter's study?
half the children showed delayed intellectual development when they first arrived, at 11 they showed differential rates of recovery which were related to their age of adoption, mean iq of those adopted before six months was 102, 86 for those adopted between 6 months and 2 years, 77 for those adopted after 2 years, differences remained at 16 years old, children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment
64
what are the symptoms of disinhibited attachment?
attention seeking, clinginess, social behaviour directed towards all adults
65
what was the aim of the Bucharest early intervention study?
to investigate the attachment types of institutionalised children
66
what was the procedure of the Bucharest early intervention study?
95 Romanian children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care, compared to a control group of 50 children who'd never lived in an institution, attachment type measured using the strange situation, carers were asked about unusual social behaviour (a measure of disinhibited attachment)
67
what were the findings of the Bucharest early intervention study?
74% of the control group were securely attached, only 19% in the institutional group but 44% had disinhibited attachment, less then 20% in the control group
68
what are 2 effects on institutionalisation?
disinhibited attachment and intellectual disability (those adopted before 6 months caught up to the control group by 4)
69
what is the aim of Hazen & Schaffer's study?
to investigate the association between attachment and adult relationships
70
what was the procedure of Hazen & Schaffer's study?
analysed 620 replies to a love quiz in a local paper, 3 sections, assessed cuurent and most important relationships, assessed general love experiences such as number of partners, assessed attachment type
71
what were the findings of Hazen & Shaffer's study?
56% securely attached, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant, securely attached were most likely to have good long lasting relationships, avoidant revealed jealousy and fear of intimacy,
72
what was the conclusions of Hazen & Schaffer's study?
that patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in romantic relationships

psychology (6 decks)

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