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psychology > topic 1 - social influence > Flashcards

topic 1 - social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

internalisation

A

when an individual changes both their public and private behaviour and beliefs even when the group isn’t present

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2
Q

identification

A

when an individual publicly changes their views/behaviour to match the group because they value them

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3
Q

compliance

A

an individual changes their behaviour in response to a request made by another person

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4
Q

what is an exapmle of internalisation?

A

an individual lived with a vegan in uni, then also decides to become one beacuse they agreed with their views

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5
Q

what is an example of identification?

A

an individual became a vegan at uni because all their housemates were, but would eat meat when they went home during the holidays

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6
Q

what is an example of compliance?

A

an individual says a book they enjoyed was terrible, because everyone else thought it was terrible

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7
Q

informational social influence
(isi)

A

when a person conforms becausw they belive someone else is right

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8
Q

normative social influence (nsi)

A

a person conforms in order to be accepted into a group

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9
Q

what is an example of isi?

A

an individual doesn’t know which bin to put their cup in, so they watch other people first, then copy them.

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10
Q

what is an example of nsi?

A

dressing like a group of people and saying you like the same things as them with the intention of becoming friends with them

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11
Q

how does group size affect conformity?

A

conformity increases as the group size increases

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12
Q

how does unanimity affect conformity?

A

individuals are more likely to conform to group decisions when the rest of the group’s response is unanimous

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13
Q

how does the difficulty of the task affect conformity?

A

the harder the task, the higher the levels of the conformity

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14
Q

what was the aim of Asch’s study?

A

to examine the extent to which social pressure from a majority affects conformity

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15
Q

what was the procedure of Asch’s study

A

Asch used one ps and 7 confederates, and asked them to do a line judgement task.

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16
Q

what were the results of Asch’s study?

A

the participants agreed with the confederates 36.8% of the time, and 25% of participants never gave a wrong answer

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17
Q

what was the conclusion of Asch’s study?

A

people conform to the majority because they want to be liked, and they want to be right.

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18
Q

what is the evaluation of Asch’s study?

A

lacks population validity - all ps were male and from the same age group, ethnocentric, androcentric
used artificial task - low e.v as it can’s be generalised to real life
low temperal validity - 1950’s America was very conservative. just after ww2, people more likely to confom
low ecological validity - took place in a lab, controlled environment

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19
Q

what are situational factors?

A

external factors that can affect a situation

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20
Q

what was the aim of zimbardo’s study?

A

to examine whether people conform to social roles

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21
Q

what was the procedure of Zimbardo’s prison study?

A

24 american men were placed in a mock prison environment, and randomly assigned the role of prisoner or guard.

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22
Q

what was the result of zimbardo’s study?

A

guards conformed to their roles quickly, and harrassed prisoners . Prisoners also adopted priosoner-like behaviour and were obedient for the most part. Prisoners did start riots, and guards used physical force against them.

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23
Q

what was the conclusion of zimbardo’s study?

A

the study revealed how people conform to the social roles they’re expected to play, especially if the roles are strongly stereotyped

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24
Q

what is the evaluation of Zimbardo’s study?

A

lack of ecological validity - prison was set up in the basement of Stanford university, experiment was shorter then a real prison study, influenced by demand characteristics (simply acting)
lack of population validity - male American students, America has an individualist culture

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25
Q

ethical issues with zimbardo’s study

A

lack of fully informed consent, prisoners weren’t protected from physical or psychological harm

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26
Q

what is agentic state?

A

a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour

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27
Q

what is an autonomous state?

A

a person is free to behave according to their own principals, and will take responsibility for their actions

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28
Q

what is agentic shift?

A

moving from an autonomous state to an agentic one

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29
Q

what is legitimacy of authority?

A

authority is legitimate due to the person’s position of power in society. People are more likely to obey those they feel have authority over them

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30
Q

how does uniform affect obedience?

A

people are more likely to obey those in uniform as it’s a symbol of authority

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31
Q

how does proximity affect obedience?

A

obedience is higher when the person is in close proximity to the authority figure

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32
Q

how does location affect obedience?

A

if the location has a high status (yale uni), then obedience levels are higher

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33
Q

what was the aim of milgram’s study

A

to investigate how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.

34
Q

what was the procedure of milgram’s study?

A

40 American men between the ages of 20-50 were used. They were paired with a confederate. Confederate played the role of student, and the ps was the teacher. The learner had to correctly identify word pairs, and the teacher had to give them an electric shock every time they got one wrong.

35
Q

what were the results of milgram’s study?

A

65% of ps went to the highest volatge
(450), and all ps went to 300volts

36
Q

what was the conclusion of milgram’s study?

A

Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.

37
Q

what is the evaluation of milgram’s study?

A

low e.v - took place in Yale, not a real life situation
low p.v - andocentric sample, ethnocentric sample, volunteer personality

38
Q

what is an authoritarian personailty?

A

a person who has extreme respect for authority and is more likely to be obedient to those who hold power over them.

39
Q

what is minority influence?

A

a form of social influence where one person, or a small group, influences the beliefs and behaviour of the majority

40
Q

what is consistency?

A

consistency is when the minority repeats the same message

41
Q

what is commitment?

A

commitment is when they group make sacrifices for their cause (suffragettes jumping in front of horse)

42
Q

what is flexiblity?

A

when the minority is willing to compromise

43
Q

what is the aim of Moscovici’s study?

A

to investigate whether consistent minority influence has an effect on the level of conformity

44
Q

what is the procedure of Moscovici’s study?

A

a group of 6 women looked at 36 blue slides that varied in intensity, and state whether they’re blue or green. Two confederates consistently said the slides were green

45
Q

what is the result of Moscovici’s study?

A

participants gave the same wrong answer on 8.42% of the trials. When the group was inconsistent, agreement fell to 1.25%. When the were no confederates, ps only gave incorrect answers 0.25% of the time

46
Q

what is the conclusion of Moscovici’s study?

A

Consistent minority opinion had a greater effect on changing the views of people than an inconsistent minority

47
Q

what is the evaluation of moscovici’s study?

A

lack of e.v - took place in lab, artificial tasks
androcentric bias

48
Q

what study supports Milgram’s study into obedience?

A

Charles Hoffling’s

49
Q

what was Charles Hoffling’s study?

A

Dr Smith (researcher) called 22 nurses at a psychiatric hospital, and told them to check if they have a drug called “astoren”, and then to administer 20mg to a patient (even though the max dosage is 10mg). 21 out of 22 obeyed the doctor’s orders, eventhough they’re not allowed to take orders over the phone

50
Q

supporting evidence for zimbardo’s study?

A

Abu Ghraib

51
Q

supporting evidence for the authoritarian personality?

A

William Calley, Hitler

52
Q

what are 3 characteristics of the authoritarian personailty?

A

Submission to authority, Authoritarian aggression, projectivity

53
Q

aupporting evidence for the authoritarian personality?

A

Milgram’s study

54
Q

whjat is locus of control?

A

the sense we each have about what directs our lives

55
Q

what is internal locus of control?

A

believe they’re mostly responsible for what happens to them

56
Q

what is external locus of control?

A

believe it’s mainly luck or a matter of outside forces which control what happens to them

57
Q

who is an example of someone with internal locus of control?

A

Hugh Thompson stopped the My Lai and accepted the possible consequences for his actions

58
Q

how can the pressure to conform be resisted?

A

with social support

59
Q

what is social support?

A

someone else who isn’t following the majority

60
Q

how is social support supported by Milgram

A

obedience dropped to 10% when the participant was joined by a disobedient confederate

61
Q

why does social support help us resist social influence?

A

disobedient role models challenge the legitimacy of the authority figure

62
Q

why are people with an internal locus of control greater at resisting social influence?

A

they’re more self-confident, more achievement orientated and have higher intelligent

63
Q

what is one strength for the positive effects of social support

A

Albrecht evaluated a program to help pregnant adolescences to resist peer pressure to smoke. Those who had social support were less likely to smoke

64
Q

what is one strength for the role of dissenting peers in resisting obedience?

A

Gamson told his participants to produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign. Researchers found high levels of resistance as the participants were in groups.

65
Q

what is one strength to support the link between LOC and resistance to obedience?

A

Holland repeated Milgram’s study and measured whether the particpants were internals or externals. 37?% of internals didn’t continue to the highest level, but only 23% of externals

66
Q

One limitation that challenges the link between LOC and resistance

A

Twenge analysed data from Americans LOC studies over a 40 years period. Over this time span people became more resistant BUT also more external

67
Q

Social cryptomnesia (American civil rights movement)

A

Social change did come but some have no memory of the evengts that led to that change

68
Q

Drawing attention through social proof (american civil rights movement)

A

in 1950’s segregation applied to all parts of America. The civil rights movement drew attention to this

69
Q

Consistency (American civil rights movement)

A

The civil rights movement activists were the minority but their position remained consistent

70
Q

Deeper processing of the issue (american civil rights movement)

A

people who’d accepted the status quo began to think deeply about the unjustness of it

71
Q

the augmentation principal (American civil rights movement)

A

individuals risked their lives numerous times which indicates a strong belief and reinforces their belief

72
Q

the snowball effect (American civil rights movement)

A

activism gradually got the support of the US government, so more and more people began to back them

73
Q

what is an example of dissent?

A

In Asch’s research the highlighted the importance of dissent in one of his variations. One confederate gave the correct answers throughout the experiment. This broke the power of the majority, encouraging others to do likewise

74
Q

what is an example of exploiting conformity processes by appealing to NSI?

A

Providing information about what other people are doing e.g bin it - others do. Social change is encouraged by what the majority are doing

75
Q

what is one lesson from obedience research (milgram)?

A

In one variation of Milgram’s researh, the confederate teacher refuses to give shocks to the learner. This causes the rate of obedience in actual participants decrease

76
Q

what is another lesson from obedience research (Zimbardo)?

A

Zimbardo suggested that obedience can be used to create social change through the process of gradual commitment. Once a small instruction is obeyed, it becomes more difficult to resist a bigger one.

77
Q

what is a criticism for normative influences?

A

Foxcroft et al reviews social norm interventions, which included 70 studies used to reduce students alcohol use. Researchers found only a small reduction in the drinking quantity, and no difference in the frequency

77
Q

what is research support for normative influences?

A

Nolan et al aimed to see if they could change people’s energy use habits. They hung the key message - most residents are trying to reduce their energy usage - on the front doors of houses every week for a month. Other residents just had a message that asked them to save energy. There were significant decreases in energy usage in the first group compared to the second

78
Q

how does minority influence explain social change?

A

Nemeth claims social change is due to the type of thinking the minorities inspire. When people consider minority arguments they engage in divergent thinking. Nemeth argues that this leads to better decisions and more creative solutions to social change

79
Q

what is the role of deeper processing in social change?

A

Mackie presents evidence that majority influence may create deeper processing if you don’t share their view. This is because we like to believe that others share our views and think in the same way as us. When we find that a majority believes something different, then we’re forced to think about their arguments and reasoning.

80
Q

what are the barriers towards social change?

A

Bashir says the fact is that people still resist social change despite all of this. She found that participants were less likely to behave in environmentally ways because they didn’t want to be associated with stereotypical and minority “environmentalists”

psychology (6 decks)

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