topic 1 - social influence Flashcards

Question

ethical issues with zimbardo's study

Answer 1

lack of fully informed consent, prisoners weren't protected from physical or psychological harm

Answer 2

a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour

Answer 3

a person is free to behave according to their own principals, and will take responsibility for their actions

Answer 4

moving from an autonomous state to an agentic one

Answer 5

authority is legitimate due to the person's position of power in society. People are more likely to obey those they feel have authority over them

Answer 6

people are more likely to obey those in uniform as it's a symbol of authority

Answer 7

obedience is higher when the person is in close proximity to the authority figure

Answer 8

if the location has a high status (yale uni), then obedience levels are higher

Answer 9

to investigate how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.

Answer 10

40 American men between the ages of 20-50 were used. They were paired with a confederate. Confederate played the role of student, and the ps was the teacher. The learner had to correctly identify word pairs, and the teacher had to give them an electric shock every time they got one wrong.

Answer 11

65% of ps went to the highest volatge (450), and all ps went to 300volts

Answer 12

Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.

Answer 13

low e.v - took place in Yale, not a real life situation low p.v - andocentric sample, ethnocentric sample, volunteer personality

Answer 14

a person who has extreme respect for authority and is more likely to be obedient to those who hold power over them.

Answer 15

a form of social influence where one person, or a small group, influences the beliefs and behaviour of the majority

Answer 16

consistency is when the minority repeats the same message

Answer 17

commitment is when they group make sacrifices for their cause (suffragettes jumping in front of horse)

Answer 18

when the minority is willing to compromise

Answer 19

to investigate whether consistent minority influence has an effect on the level of conformity

Answer 20

a group of 6 women looked at 36 blue slides that varied in intensity, and state whether they’re blue or green. Two confederates consistently said the slides were green

Answer 21

participants gave the same wrong answer on 8.42% of the trials. When the group was inconsistent, agreement fell to 1.25%. When the were no confederates, ps only gave incorrect answers 0.25% of the time

Answer 22

Consistent minority opinion had a greater effect on changing the views of people than an inconsistent minority

Answer 23

lack of e.v - took place in lab, artificial tasks androcentric bias

Answer 24

Charles Hoffling's

Answer 25

Dr Smith (researcher) called 22 nurses at a psychiatric hospital, and told them to check if they have a drug called "astoren", and then to administer 20mg to a patient (even though the max dosage is 10mg). 21 out of 22 obeyed the doctor's orders, eventhough they're not allowed to take orders over the phone

Answer 26

Abu Ghraib

Answer 27

William Calley, Hitler

Answer 28

Submission to authority, Authoritarian aggression, projectivity

Answer 29

Milgram's study

Answer 30

the sense we each have about what directs our lives

Answer 31

believe they're mostly responsible for what happens to them

Answer 32

believe it's mainly luck or a matter of outside forces which control what happens to them

Answer 33

Hugh Thompson stopped the My Lai and accepted the possible consequences for his actions

Answer 34

with social support

Answer 35

someone else who isn't following the majority

Answer 36

obedience dropped to 10% when the participant was joined by a disobedient confederate

Answer 37

disobedient role models challenge the legitimacy of the authority figure

Answer 38

they're more self-confident, more achievement orientated and have higher intelligent

Answer 39

Albrecht evaluated a program to help pregnant adolescences to resist peer pressure to smoke. Those who had social support were less likely to smoke

Answer 40

Gamson told his participants to produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign. Researchers found high levels of resistance as the participants were in groups.

Answer 41

Holland repeated Milgram's study and measured whether the particpants were internals or externals. 37?% of internals didn't continue to the highest level, but only 23% of externals

Answer 42

Twenge analysed data from Americans LOC studies over a 40 years period. Over this time span people became more resistant BUT also more external

Answer 43

Social change did come but some have no memory of the evengts that led to that change

Answer 44

in 1950's segregation applied to all parts of America. The civil rights movement drew attention to this

Answer 45

The civil rights movement activists were the minority but their position remained consistent

Answer 46

people who'd accepted the status quo began to think deeply about the unjustness of it

Answer 47

individuals risked their lives numerous times which indicates a strong belief and reinforces their belief

Answer 48

activism gradually got the support of the US government, so more and more people began to back them

Answer 49

In Asch's research the highlighted the importance of dissent in one of his variations. One confederate gave the correct answers throughout the experiment. This broke the power of the majority, encouraging others to do likewise

Answer 50

Providing information about what other people are doing e.g bin it - others do. Social change is encouraged by what the majority are doing

Answer 51

In one variation of Milgram's researh, the confederate teacher refuses to give shocks to the learner. This causes the rate of obedience in actual participants decrease

Answer 52

Zimbardo suggested that obedience can be used to create social change through the process of gradual commitment. Once a small instruction is obeyed, it becomes more difficult to resist a bigger one.

Answer 53

Foxcroft et al reviews social norm interventions, which included 70 studies used to reduce students alcohol use. Researchers found only a small reduction in the drinking quantity, and no difference in the frequency

Answer 54

Nolan et al aimed to see if they could change people's energy use habits. They hung the key message - most residents are trying to reduce their energy usage - on the front doors of houses every week for a month. Other residents just had a message that asked them to save energy. There were significant decreases in energy usage in the first group compared to the second

Answer 55

Nemeth claims social change is due to the type of thinking the minorities inspire. When people consider minority arguments they engage in divergent thinking. Nemeth argues that this leads to better decisions and more creative solutions to social change

Answer 56

Mackie presents evidence that majority influence may create deeper processing if you don't share their view. This is because we like to believe that others share our views and think in the same way as us. When we find that a majority believes something different, then we're forced to think about their arguments and reasoning.

Answer 57

Bashir says the fact is that people still resist social change despite all of this. She found that participants were less likely to behave in environmentally ways because they didn't want to be associated with stereotypical and minority "environmentalists"