short term memory

Question 1

who investigated Coding in short term memory?

Answer 1

Baddeley

Question 2

what was the procedure of Baddeley’s study?

Answer 2

he gave different lists of words to 4 groups of ps to remember. Group 1 was acoustically similar, group 2 was acoustically dissimilar, group 3 was semantically similar, group was semantically dissimilar

Question 3

what was the result of Baddeley’s study?

Answer 3

when they did this task immediately recalling from their STM they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words. When they did this task 20mins later recalling from their LTM they did worse with semantically similar words

Question 4

what was the conclusion of Baddeley’s study?

Answer 4

information is coded acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM

Question 5

who investigated capacity of memory?

Answer 5

Joseph Jacobs

Question 6

what was the procedure of Jacobs’ study?

Answer 6

the researcher reads out 4 digits, and the participant recalls these in the right order. If they’re correct then the researcher will read out 5 digits, and so on until the ps can’t recall anymore

Question 7

what was the findings of Jacobs’ study?

Answer 7

the mean span for digits across all ps was 7+- 3

Question 8

who else investigated research on capacity?

Answer 8

Miller made observations of everyday practice. e.g he notes that most things come in 7s

Question 9

what were Miller’s findings?

Answer 9

the span of STM was 7+-2

Question 10

what is chunking?

Answer 10

grouping digits or letters together to make them easier to remember. Most people can recall 5 words as easily as they can recall 5 letters by chunking

Question 11

who investigated the duration of STM?

Answer 11

Peterson & Peterson

Question 12

what was the procedure of Peterson & Peterson’s study?

Answer 12

tested 24 students in 8 trials each. The student was given a trigram to remember and told to count back from a 3 digit number until told to stop. On each trial they were told to stop after varying times (3,6,9 etc)

Question 13

what was the result of Peterson & Peterson’s study?

Answer 13

after 3 secs, average recall was about 80%. After 18 secs it was 3%

Question 14

what was the conclusion of Peterson & Peterson’s study?

Answer 14

STM duration may be about 18secs unless we repeat the information over and over again

Question 15

who investigated the duration of LTM?

Answer 15

Bahrick

Question 16

what was the procedure of Bahrick’s study?

Answer 16

he studied 392 american participants between the ages of 17 and 74z He tested their recall with their high school year books. He did 1 photo recognition test, and 1 free recall test

Question 17

what was the result of Bahrick’s study?

Answer 17

ps tested with 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition. This declined to 70% after 48 years. ps tested after 15 years for the free recall were 60% accurate. This declined to 30% after 48 years.

Question 18

what was the conclusion of Bahrick’s study?

Answer 18

LTM may last a lifetime for some material

Question 19

Who idesntified different memory stores?

Answer 19

Baddeley

Question 20

why does Baddeley’s study have a lack of environmental validity?

Answer 20

He used an artificial stimuli as none of the words had any personal meaning to the ps. When processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks

Question 21

why is Jacob’s study valid?

Answer 21

his study has been repeated despite how old it is. His findings have been confirmed by other better controlled studies

Question 22

what is a limitation of Miller’s study?

Answer 22

he may’ve overestimated the capacity of STM as Cowan reviews other research and concluded that the capacity of STM is only 4+-1 chunk

Question 23

what is a limitation of Peterson & Peterson’s study?

Answer 23

the stimulus material was artificial. It isn’t completely irrelevant as we do sometimes try to remember meaningless information but recalling trigrams doesn’t reflect everyday memory activities. The study lacks external validity

Question 24

why does Bahrick’s study have high external validity?

Answer 24

The researchers investigated meaningful memories to the ps. When studies on LTM were investigated with meaningless pictures, recall rates were lower. Bahrick et al’s findings regel et a more real estimate of the duration of LTM