Topic 3: Atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the masses and charges of protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

protons: mass: 1, charge: 1+
neutrons: mass: 1, charge: 0
electrons: mass: 2/1000, charge: -1

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2
Q

what was JJ Thomsons discovery on the atom?

A

plum pudding model - ball of positive charge with electrons embedded into it

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3
Q

what was Dalton’s discovery on the history of the atom?

A

tiny spheres

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4
Q

what was Rutherfords discovery on the atom?

A

alpha particle experiment
- some alpha particles went straight through - there’s empty space
- some deflected - centre is positive
- some bounced back - centre is dense

discovered the proton

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5
Q

what was Bohr discovery on the atom?

A

discovered electrons were found on shells (not a sea of electrons)

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6
Q

what was Chadwick discovery on the atom?

A

discovered neutrons

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7
Q

describe what alpha radiation is, it’s penetration power, the ionisation power and what it’s used for

A
  • alpha is 2 neutrons and 2 protons, nucleus ejects helium nuclei (has a mass of 4 and a charge of +2)
  • it’s low penetrating (can be stopped by air, skin, paper)
  • high ionisation
  • used for smoke alarms
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8
Q

describe what beta radiation is, it’s penetration power, the ionisation power and what it’s used for

A
  • beta is fast moving electron (mass nearly 0, charge -1), neutron turns into a proton and electron is ejected from the nucleus
  • moderately penetrating (stopped by thin sheet of aluminium)
  • moderately ionising
  • used for paper mills/ controlling the thickness of paper
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9
Q

describe what gamma radiation is, it’s penetration power, the ionisation power and what it’s used for

A
  • gamma is EM waves, high frequency/ short wavelength (mass is 0 and charge is 0)
  • it’s high penetrating (can penetrate through the skin)
  • low ionising
  • sterilising surgical equipment, gamma knife - kills cancerous cells, used to detect leaks in pipes
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10
Q

what is fission?

A

breaking large nuclei into smaller nuclei

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11
Q

where does fission occur?

A

nuclear power stations

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12
Q

what is the process of fusion

A

the joining of light nuclei (hydrogen) to form a heavier nucleus
produces large amounts of energy
no nuclear waste
has not been done earth - don’t get high enough temperature/ pressure

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13
Q

what is half life?

A

the time it takes for half of the nuclei to decay and become stable

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14
Q

what is needed for the use of alpha/ beta and gamma?

A
  • half life:
    body - short half life (relatively short)
  • type of radiation emitted:
  • ionisation power
  • penetration
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