Topic 3 Archaea Flashcards
What make archaea and bacteria the same and different
They look alike but DNA diffieriantes them
What domain had the first methogens ?
Archaea
Are there archea humanal pathogens
No
Why are archaea elite
Bc they love extreme inhospitable places to live
What 3 type of extreme needs do some archaea need to grow
Extreme temp
Acid
Concetration
What is archaea usual size
0.5 - 5 micro meters similar to bacteria
What are the 6 shapes archaea like to have ?
Rods
Spherical
Spiral
Pleomorphic
Sqaures
Rectangles
What type of chromsome and does the archaea nucleaus have a membrane bound nucleus
Its a circular chromosomes and no memebrane
What type of inclusion bodies do archaea have
Gas vesicles fror sqaure bouyancy
What differentiate archaeal histones ?
That it is in a tetramer formation histons and the dna wrapped around is 60 nucleotiide pair
What is unique about the archael cyto skeleton
That homolomgs are found in other domains
What is the the actin homolog in the cytoskeleton called
TA0583
Do all yarchaea have a plasma membrane ?
Yes
Most have cell wall but not all have outer membranes
What is the cell envelope of archaea made up of
Plasma membrane and cell wall sometimes out membrane
What makes archaea’s plasma membrane special?
It has a unique bi layer
What three things differentiates archael membrane than to bac and euk
It has a phytanal chain
Glycerol on different carbon( gylceral -1 - phosphate
Ether linkages
What are the benefits of ether linkages ?
They are more stable at higher temps
What is the bi layer membrane in archaea
Its it a bi phytanal chain with phosphglyceral on both ends is very stable for high temps
What are three things that maks ignicoccus wierd
Its has outmembrane
Periplasm similar to gram negative
Atp sythesase im outer membrame
What is the archael cell wall composed of ?
Its composed of a polysaccharide called psedomurein
What 3 things differienates the archraea cell wall from bacteria
It has beta 1,3 linkages
Links NAG & NAT
AND USES JUST AMINO ACIDS
What 2 things makes up the cell surface ?
S layer (same function as bacteria)
Cannule
What is the cannulae?
Hollow glycoproteins tubes
When archaela cells divide from cell division they still keep contact via the tubes using it as a complex network to exchange things
What differentiates archellum to flagellum
Archellum uses ATP instead of PMF and grows from base not basel body
What is nucleasome
Dna and histone
What are the 4 major phyla
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeaota
Thaumarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
What are three things crenarchaeota area?
Thermophiles
Acidophiles (acid lovimg
Barophilea (high pressue) bottom of sea
How are crenarchaeota able to survive harsh temps what are the 5 key things
4 lipid monolyers
Modified protiens
Chaperone proteins
Thermostanle dna binding proteimd
Reverse dna gyrase enzyme to increase dna super coiling
What were the first recognized phyla ?
Cren and eukarchaeta
What are the 4 modified proteins You need ?
More a helix less beta sheets
More salt bridges
More argenie and tyrosine as they have salt bridges
Less cysteinie amd serine
What do the chaperone proteins do ?
They keep the protein folded
What does the dna binding proteins do ?
They key the dna from denaturing
What is the reverse dna gyrase enzyme
Its is a toperisomerases that increases dna supercoiling
What do euryachaeota halophiles love and how much concentration do they need to live ?
They love salt and need greater than 1.5 M to live
How does halophiles avoid osmotic bullshit
By pumping K inside the cell to match the NA outside
What is negative about pumping K inside ?
K can denature protein and DNA
What dies halophiles do to not have there protein and dna denature
They get high contents of GUANINE AND CYTSOSINE to stop dna denature
And they get high acideic proteins which remaind stable in high salt
What colour is halobscterium?
Its red
Halobacterium is phototrophic without chrolopylls and electric transport chain
How does halobacterium make energy
Capture light and bacteriorlhidosin pump proteins through memebrane and it becomes PMF which give energy atp
What can halobacterium adapt to
They can adapt to low carbon and oxygen
What does halobacterium do when oxygen is high
They grown organic molecules when oxygen is high
What phyla only produce methane?
Euryarchaeota
How does euryarchaeota product methane
They reduce CO2 with hydrogen and make methane and water
Where can you find the Euryarchaeota methane
In human gut or swamp sediment
Where can you find methane ?
Anoxic sediments and animal digestive tracts
