Topic 2 Bacteria Flashcards
How many shapes can bacteria take and what are they ?
They can take 5 shapes ;
Spherical
Rod
Comma
Spiral
Pleomorphic
What is the singular and plural name for spherical bacteria and what are two examples?
Singular coccus plural cocci
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyrogenes
Why are spherical bacteria denoted as default?
They are noted as default for bacteria as bacterias without any extra genomes for their cytoskeleton will by “default” be this shape
What is the singular and plural name for rod-shaped bacteria and what are two key factors?
The rods have advantages compared to others
They are very common
The singular is bacillus and plural is bacili
What is the plural and singular name for comma shaped bacteria and what is one cool feature that have?
The singular vibrio and plural vibrios and they can flex
What is the plural and singular name for spiral shaped bacteria and what is a key factor about them?
Sprillum s. sprilla pl.
They can swim (cork screw back & forth) through viscous or tuberlent fluids
What is the name for uncategorized an varied shaped bacteria
Pleomorphic
How do bacteria cells take shape ?
Its determined by the organization of the cell walls
Radius is key for surface to volume ratio
What is morphology dependent
Nutrient uptake efficiency ( surface - volume ratio)
What type of motility can filaments have ?
They can have a gliding motility
How many complex multicellular bacteria arrangements are there?
There 3
Hypae
Mycelia
Trichomes
What are tri chomes and what are they coated in
Trichomes are long unbranched chains of cells coated in a polysaccharide sheath
What are hypae ?
Long branching filaments of cells
What bacteria is a common trichome
Cyanobacteria
What is mycelia?
Three dimensional networks or clumps of hypae
What do trichomes and hypae both have in ommon
They have channels for intracellular passages of materials like nutrients and signalling molecules
What size can prokaryotes range from?
0.2 micrometers - >700 micrometers in length/diameter
What size range are bacteria cells?
0.5 micrometers -5 micrometers in length/ diameter
What is the size range for rod shaped bacteria cells?
0.5 micrometers- 4 micrometers , 1-15 micrometers long
Why do bacteria need a minimum size ?
Bacteria and other cells need a minimum cells to be able to fit genome proteins and ribosomes without cells cant live
What are 2 big exceptional bacterial cells ?
Euplopiscion fish …. and thiomargerita
What size range is euploiscion fishelosoni and where are they found?
200-700 x80 micro meters and they can in the gut of surgeon fish
What is the size of thiomargerita ?
Up to 700 micrometers in diameter / length
What is the bacteria shape or thiomargerita &epulop
Thio is spherical and epulop is cigar (rod)
What are 3 advantages to being small bacteria cell ?
Higher surface to volume ratio
Better metabolism and growth rate and faster evolution
Greater rate of nutrient/waste exchange per unit volume
Why is having a higher surface to volume ration good?
Its good because the volume is disproportional surface; so as the volume is getting theres not enough surface to keep up with all the stuff inside the cell at the same rate as small therefore the cell need to work more to transport
Does being big or small have an advantage ?
None has an advantage as both have pros and cons
Where can you find very small cells of 0.2 -0.4 micro meter ?
You can find them in open marine environment
What 11 organelles and molecules make up the bacterial cytoplasm?
DNA nucleoid
Chromosomes packed proteins
Enzymes involved in synthesis of DNA , RNA
Regulatory factors
Ribosomes
Plasmid(s)
Enzymes that break down substrates
Inclusion bodies
Gas vesicles
Magnetosomes
Cytoskeleton structure
What is DNA nucleoid composed of and what the function?
Composed of DNA ,RNA and PROTEINS
Function of storing genetic info and gene expression
What is chromosomes packed protiens composed of and what the function?
Proteins
Protecting and compacting genomic DNA
What is ‘enzymes involved with synthesis of DNA and RNA ‘composed of and what the function?
Proteins
Function of replication of genome and transcription
What is regulatory factors composed of and what the function?
RNA proteins
Function of controlling replication ,transcription and translation
What is ribosmes composed of and what the function?
Proteins & RNA
Function is translation (protein synthesis)
What is plasmid composed of and what the function?
DNA
function is variable , encoding non chromosomal genes for a variety of functions
What is enzymes that break down substrates composed of and what the function?
Proteins
Energy production and proving anabolic precursors
What is inclusion bodies composed of and what the function?
Various polymers
Store carbon , phosphate, nitrogen,sulfate
What is gas vesicles composed of and what the function?
Proteins
Buoyancy
What is magnetosomes composed of and what the function?
Iron, protein and lipids
Help orient cell during movement
What is cytoskeleton structure composed of and what the function?
Proteins
Cell wall synthesis ,cell division and parting chromosomes during replication
Magnotsomes are only found in bacteria
What type of bacterial shape and size (big or small) do you want to be in the ocean with not that much nutrients ?
In the ocean you would want to be a rod with a higher surface - volume ratio to make sure you able to have any chance to get the most nutrients you. Can
What shape and size (big or small ) do you want to be when you have alot of nutrients near you ?
You would want to be spherical and big as you need to be able to store the nutrients
What are plasmid(s) and what is a negative thing about them?
They are small segments of DNA that dont have genes that code for ribosomes or things that are essential for living
What is the biggest region in a bacterial cell and what does it contains and what does it lack ?
The biggest region is the DNA nucleiod it contains chromosomes and DNA replication & Machinery
What is the cytoplasm ?
It is an aqueous environment within the plasma membranes that contains various components
How is DNA packed in the cell?
As sugar phosphate (PO4-) backbones that are holding the two DNA strands together are negatively charged the cations of Mg2+ ( magnesium) , K+ (POTASSIUM) or Na+ (SODIUM) neutralize the charges and then small positively charged proteins bind to the DNA chromosome to help maintain the condensed structure and finally the enzyme topoisomerases supercoils the DNA
What is different about histones in bacterial cells?
There histones dont wrap around DNA
What is the sulfur globule and it function and what cell tends to have them ?
Storage for sulfur and can use sulfur for energy , thiomargerita and thiomargerita manifica
What is polyhydroxybutyrare (PHB) and what can they substitute?
It is a lipid polymer that stores carbon and can substitute from plastic