topic 3 Flashcards
what structures are always present in prokaryotic cells (5)
plasmid circular dna cell surface membrane cell wall cytoplasm
what discrete, membrane bound organelles do eukaryotic cells contain
- nuclei
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts (plants only)
differences: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic bigger
not all eukaryotic cells have a cell wall
lysosome
spherical sacks containing digestive enzymes, bound by a single membrane
Breakdown of unwanted structures within a cell and whole cell destruction when old cells replaced/ during development.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes lipids and steroids eg. reproductive hormones
rER
system of interconnected membrane bound flattened sacks
Ribosomes attached to outer surface
Proteins made on these ribosomes are transported through the ER to other parts of the cell
Mitochondrion
Inner of 2 membranes folded to form cristae.
Site of later stages of aerobic respiration
Golgi apparatus
stacks of flattened membrane bound sacs formed by fusion of vesicles from the ER.
Modifies and packages proteins in vesicles for transport
Protein production and route through cell
- Transcription of DNA to mRNA
- mRNA leaves nucleus
- Proteins made on ribosomes enter rER
- Protein moves through ER, assuming 3D shape en route.
- Vesicle pinched off rER contain the protein
- Vesicles from rER fuse to form flattened sacs of Golgi apparatus
- Proteins modified within Golgi apparatus
- Vesicle pinched off Golgi apparatus contain the modified proteins
- Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane, releasing protein such as extracellular enzymes.
2 mammal gametes
ovum
sperm
adaptations of ovum (5)
large cell
not capable of independent movement
wafted along one of the oviducts from ovary to uterus by ciliated cells lining the tubes and muscular contraction of tubes
cytoplasm of ovum contains protein and lipid food reserves for a developing embryo
‘zona pellucida’: jelly like coating surrounding the cell
sperm adaptations
smaller
motile
flagellum powered by mitochondria energy release enables swimming
continually produced once maturity
enter vagina through intercourse + swim through uterus. Passage assisted by muscular contractions of walls
If intercourse during ovulation, sperm meet ovum in oviduct
Sperm attached to ovum by chemicals released by it
Intercourse🍆💦
- sperm reaches ovum
- chemicals released from the cells surrounding the ovum, triggering ACROSOME REACTION
- Acrosome swells, fusing with sperm cell surface membrane
- Digestive enzymes in acrosome released
- enzymes digest through follicle cells
- …..and zona pelucidia surrounding ovum
- sperm fuses with ovum membrane
- Sperm enters ovum
- enzymes released from lysosomes in ovum thicken the jelly like layer; preventing entry of other sperm
- Nuclei of ovum and sperm fuse
what are gametes
HAPLOID
23 chromosomes made up of one of each homologous pair and one sex chromosome
fuse to make a zygote (46 chromosomes)
what is mitosis
type of cell division
Produces new body cells as an organism grows and develops
Retains the full (diploid) number of chromosomes
what is meiosis
produces gametes haploid number of chromosomes occurs in ovaries//testes ovaries of flowering plants creates genetic variation
how does meiosis shuffle existing genetic material
crossing over
independent assortment
what is independent assortment
a random process which introduces variation
chromosomes in males and females
F: XX
M: XY
what is a fertilised ovum
a zygote
Interphase: preparation for division
individual chromosomes unravelled to allow access to genetic material, enabling new proteins to be synthesised
Cell synthesises additional cytoplasmic proteins, organelles and copies of DNA for 2 new cells.
Vital that DNA identical in structure and quantity. Achieved by DNA replication.
4 stages of mitosis:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
prophase: (5)
- chromosomes condense because microtubules in cytoplasm form 3D structure; the spindle.
- Chromosomes now thicker and shorter. Each chromosome visible as 2 stands; ‘chromatids’
- Centrioles move around nuclear envelope and position themselves at opposite sides of the cell. This forms the 2 poles of the spindle’
- Spindle fibres form between poles
- Breakdown of nuclear envelope, forming vesicles in the cytoplasm because pores in envelope not large enough for whole molecules of DNA to pass through.
2.
metaphase
centromeres attach to spindle fibres at the equator
what is the spindle involved in
organisation of cell fibres
what is the widest part of the spindle known as
the equator
what produces spindles
centrioles
anaphase
centromeres split and spindle fibres shorten, which pulls the 2 halves of each centromere in opposite directions.
One chromatid of each chromosome is pulled to each of the poles
ends when separated chromatids reach the poles and spindle breaks down
telophase
reverse of prophase
chromosomes unravel and nuclear envelope reforms so 2 sets of genetic info are enclose in separate nuclei
cytoplasmic division in animal and plant cells
ANIMAL
cell surface membrane constricts around centre of cell
Ring of protein filaments bound to inside of cell surface membrane contracts until cell is divided in 2 new cells (proteins actin and myosin).
PLANT
instead of constriction, they synthesise a cell plate between the 2 new cells and Golgi apparatus carries material for a new cell move along the microtubules and fuse.
Why is mitosis important
insures genetic consistency (identical): growth, repair, asexual reproduction