Topic 3 Flashcards
LEDC
less economically developed country
MEDC
More economically developed country
Life expectancy
the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, given that demographic factors remain unchanged
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
Standardized birth rate
a birth rate for a region on the basis that its age composition is the same as for the whole country.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
The number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years.
Age-specific birth rate (ASBR)
The number of births per 1,000 women of any specified age group.
Doubling time
the time required for a population to double in size
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population.
Standardized Mortality Rate (SMR)
a death rate for a region on the basis that its age composition is the same as for the whole country.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Age-specific Mortality Rate (ASMR)
total # of deaths in an age group / total # of people in mid-population of that age group
Neonatal deaths
Deaths that occur between birth and 7 days
Perinatal deaths
Deaths that occur after the first week of life but before the end of the first four weeks of life
Post-neonatal deaths
Deaths that occur between 7 and 365 days of life
DTM
Demographic Transition Model - explains birth and death rate patterns across the world and through time
Anthropocentric
Human-centered
Natural Capital
the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support out economies
Renewable Resource
a natural resource that the environment continues to supply or replace as it is used
Replenishable Resource
Non-living resources which are continuously restored by their natural processes as fast as they are used up
Natural Income
The income provided from the use (yield or harvest or services) of natural capital (resources). The income may consist of marketable commodities such as timber and grain (GOODS) OR May be in the form of ecological services such as the flood and erosion protection provided by forests (SERVICES).
Goods
Marketable commodities such as grain or timber
Ecological Services
Examples: flodd and erosion protection, climate stabilization, and maintenance of soil fertility
Non-renewable Resource
Resources that cannot be replenished within a timescale of the same order that at which they are taken from the environment
Economic Values
determined from the market price of goods and services
Ecological Values
have no formal market price, but are essential for human existence and have no direct monetary value
Aesthetic Values
human appreiciation of natural beauty but it has no market price
Intrinsic Value
Value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to us or economic value
Direct Use
Ecosystem goods and service that are directly used by human populations visiting or residing in the ecosystem
Consumptive Use
The use of a resource that reduces the supply (removing water from a source like a river, lake or aquifer without returning an equal amount). Examples include the intake of water by plants, humans, and other animals and the incorporation of water into the products of industrial or food processing.
Non-consunmptive use
the use of a resource that does not require harvesting of products
Indirect Use
Resources that are derived from ecosystem services that provide benefits outside the ecosystem itself
Optional Values
Values derived from potential future use of ecosystem goods and services which are not currently used
Non-use values
split up into intrinsic and aesthetic values
Existence values
Value people derive just from knowing that a resource or species exists
Recreational value
Maintain natural areas so people can experience the natural world
Sustainability
the use of global resources at a rate that allows natural regeneration and minimizes damage to the environment
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Agenda 21
A statement adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 stressing the need for the world to develop a sustainable world economy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that energy moves from from more organized to less organized forms and becomes less useful.
Secondary Productivity
The biomass gained by heterotrophic organisms, through feeding and absorption, measured in units of mass or energy per unit area per unit time.
Secondary Succession
Succession in an environment with some vegetation and soil
Simpson’s Diversity Index
A measure of biodiversity that accounts for the number of species and the abundance of each species
Species
The largest possible group of organisms capable of interbreeding
Species Diversity
The number of different species present in an ecosystem
Static Equilibrium
A state of balance because of no change.
Steady State Equilibrium
A state of balance with constantly fluctuating change (i.e. population of rabbits)
Storage
Energy is kept in one place in an ecosystem; indicated with boxes
Succession
The observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time
Top Carnivores
The animal at the highest possible trophic level
Transfer
A transfer of energy from one organism to the other.
Transformation
A change in the form of energy (i.e. from light to chemical, chemical to heat)
Trophic Level
Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer, etc.
