Topic 3 Flashcards
When it is sunny outside, you put on your sunglasses. Doing so makes it less bright on your eyes and they no longer hurt. As a result, you are more likely to put on your sunglasses next time it’s too sunny out. What is this an example of?
Negative reinforcement
What is negative reinforcement?
taking something away to increase behaviour
What is positive reinforcement?
adding something to increase behaviour
What is positive punishment?
adding something to decrease behaviour
What is negative punishment?
taking something away to decrease behaviour
Lin always gets really nervous and sometimes cried when she goes to the doctor. She remembers that she used to be comfortable coming to the doctor’s office, so she knows that the fear is a learned behaviour. In this situation, What would be the unconditioned stimulus?
A painful procedure conducted in the office
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning
What is an unconditioned response?
the response elicited by the presentation of an unconditioned response
What is a conditioned stimulus?
a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response
What is a conditioned response?
a learned response to an environmental stimulus (CS)
What is a neutral stimulus?
a stimulus that will become a conditioned response
May is a teacher and she has a very disruptive student in her class. She has tried scolding the students and telling them they need to stop being disruptive, but that seems to only have made the student more likely to act out. What is May’s scolding behaviour acting as in this situation?
Positive reinforcement
What is habituation?
responding less strongly over time to a repeated stimulo
What is sensitization?
increased strength in the response to a repeated stimuli
Fin’s neighbours are renovating their house and he finds it difficult to concentrate with all of the noise. As the day goes by, he is able to do his work despite the noise from the drilling machine being as loud as it was when it started. What has fin done?
Habituated to the noise
In a Netflix documentary called The Hidden Lives of Pets, they show a lizard who needs to slide a door to the side in order to access a bowl of treats. The lizard is given a chance to interact with the door but it struggles to find a behaviour that successfully opens the door. The lizard is only able to slide the door and gain their reward after watching another lizard solve the task. What concept best describes this situation?
Social/observational learning
Knowing that Little Albert would be afraid of loud noises, Watson and Rayner conditioned him to fear a white rat by pairing the presentation of the rat with a loud noise. Although he was initially unafraid of the rat, after several trials, he would cry and become fearful when shown the rat. What does the rat represent?
conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, a behaviour changes because of an association that is learned ________ the behaviour occurs, but in operant conditioning, the behaviour is influenced by events that occur _________ it.
before; after
Every time he drives past the restaurant where he proposed to his husband, Terry smiles. His pleasant emotions associated with the restaurant are an example of __________.
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Focusing on the antecedent causing a behaviour and the antecedent being presented brings about the behaviour
involves the manipulation of antecedents
Operant conditioning
Focuses on the behaviour being controlled by consequences, introduces reinforcers or punishers to change behaviour
*think reinforcement and punishment
Lee’s neighbours are renovating their house and he finds it difficult to concentrate with all of the noise. As the day goes by, he finds he can’t think of anything other than the noise and is jumping constantly as the machinery starts and stops despite the noise from the drilling machine being no louder than it was when it started. Lee has __________.
sensitized to the noise
What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response pair?
puff of air —> eye blink
What is an example of social learning?
Scaffolding
What is social learning
learning from people around us
What is a modal action pattern
a response pattern or instinct that are genetically programmed
What is an example of a modal action pattern?
geese egg rolling
What is sign stimulus?
the features that are necessary to elicit a response
What is a supernormal stimulus?
an exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits a stronger response
