topic 3 Flashcards
smallest organized units of living tissues, have the ability to individually perform all the functions essential for life processes.
cell
smallest organized units of living tissues, have the ability to individually perform all the functions essential for life processes.
cell
lipids, as phospholipids, are arranged in two layers.
polar
non polar
lipids, as phospholipids, are arranged in two layers.
polar
non polar
responsible for the impermeability of the membrane to most water-soluble molecules.
lipid bilayer
act as surface antigens, which function in the process of cellular recognition and interaction between cells.
membrane-bound carbohydrates
net movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.
osmosis
basic principle underlying the previously popular erythrocyte, or red blood cell, fragility test that demonstrates changes in the erythrocytic membrane
osmosis
important process in overall cellular physiology, such as the physiological activities of the erythrocyte.
diffusion
another essential membrane function. Because the cellular membrane also functions as a metabolic regulator, enzyme molecules are incorporated into the membrane.
active transport
process of engulfing particles or molecules, with the subsequent formation of membrane bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Two processes, pinocytosis (the engulfment of fluids) and phagocytosis (the engulfment and destruction of particles), are forms of endocytosis.
endocytosis
highly pleomorphic and bizarre cytologic features associated with malignant tumors that are poorly differentiated.
anaplasia
decrease in the number or size of cells that can lead to a decrease in organ size or tissue mass
athropy
increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
hyperplasia
increase in the size of cells that can lead to an increase in organ
size.
hypertrophy
change from one adult cell type to another (e.g., glandular to squamous metaplasia)
metaplasia
is the term used to refer to an increased concentration of erythrocytes (erythrocytosis) in the circulating blood that is above normal for gender and age.
Polycythemia
produced by increased erythropoietin production results from tissue hypoxia caused by such diverse factors as defective high oxygen affi nity type of hemoglobin, certain types of anemia, chronic lung disease, or inappropriate erythropoietin production.
Secondary polycythemia
an autosomal dominant trait that produces a defect in the regulation of erythropoietin. A reduction in erythropoietin production may also exist.
Familial polycythemia-
Increases in erythrocytes can result from conditions that are not related to increased erythropoietin production. (increased hct, decreased plasma)
Relative polycythemia
hemoglobin male
hemoglobin female
120-160 g/dl
110-150g/dl
normal blood ph
7.35-7.45
120 days
2.5 x 10^9/L
rbc
7 hours
0.85 x 10^9/L
neutrophil
10 days
2.5 x 10^9/L
platelet
4.5~5.5×1012/L, average 5.0×1012/L (male).
3.8~4.6×1012/L, average 4.2×1012/L (female)
hemoglobin
made up of two polypeptide α chains and β chains.
hemoglobin
▶ essential for the synthesis DNA.
▶ Synthesized by microorganisms and higher plants.
▶ Good sources are green leafy vegetables, yeast and organ meats.
▶ Absorbed in the proximal jejunum.
folic acid
