topic 3

Question 1

first topic is

Answer 1

the modern pharmaceutical industry

Question 2

what 2 bullet points are explained in the model pharmaceutical industry

Answer 2

types of company
challenges in the industry

Question 3

prevalence aka,, widespread of diseases varies where

Answer 3

geographically and over time.

aka different areas and different time periods have different diseases

Question 4

how does urbanisation and improvements affect the prevalence of diseases between locations and time

Answer 4

• there’s a fall in infectious disease
• increase in life expectancy
• there’s a rise in non communicable diseases (diabetes, cancer, mental disorders)

Question 5

annual sales of a blockbuster drug

Answer 5

more than 1 billion dollars every year

Question 6

why are block buster drugs attractive to industries

Answer 6

large return on investment before its patent runs out

favours certain diseases which may have large (aka wealthy) markets,, or they favour chronic diseases. aka u have to keep buying them.

aka blockbuster drugs are just drugs that make the industry a lotttt of money before it’s patent runs out

Question 7

what do block buster drugs not favour

Answer 7

• drugs that only need to be used for a short amount of time
• rare diseases
• diseases that occur mostly in less wealthy countries.

aka blockbuster drugs don’t favour diseases that won’t make the industry a bunch of money.

Question 8

drug discovery and EROOMS LAW

Answer 8

• drug discovery is more expensive and is slowing down
• lots of late stage failures
• low hanging fruit are exhausted
• there’s a lower risk tolerance meaning a higher bar for safety.
• the drug itself must be better than previous available therapies.

Question 9

productivity has also decreased due to what

Answer 9

patent expiry

• once the company that spent loads to make the drugs patent expires,, many others can just make the drug and profit off it,, without having to pay loads for discovery processes.
• opens up competition between the original and cheaper generic versions

Question 10

list a bunch of drug discovery organisations and what they do

Answer 10

• academia,, charities,, non profits
  do technology like screening or synthesis, target discovery, parter up for clinical studies.
• smaller companies
  these are more focussed on one certain technology or disease.

Question 11

list the 3 drug discovery organisations

Answer 11

• contract research organisations
  CROs
• contract manufacturing organisations
  CMOs
• contract development and manufacturing organisations
  CDMO

Question 12

contract research organisations

Answer 12

provide support services to the pharmaceutical industry

support services : screening, clinical trials, synthesis

Question 13

Contract manufacturing organisations

Answer 13

manufacture APIs

formulation
packaging of drugs

Question 14

contract development and manufacturing organisation

Answer 14

provide comprehensive development and manufacturing services

Question 15

generic drug ssss

Answer 15

copy of a drug after it’s patent expired
same API as branded product
company avoids the research and discovery costs

Question 16

some companies only specialise with what drugs

Answer 16

with generic drugs // over the counter drugs

• lower cost to develop (no r&d costs)
• less markups than branded product (can sell for cheaper meaning they can sell more)
• still requires manufacturing processes, quality assurance and authorisation

Question 17

financing

Answer 17

• drug sales (from healthcare providers and patients)
• financial markets (bonds and shares)
• venture capitals
• governments and charities

Question 18

summarise lecture 1

Answer 18

• pattern and type of diseases are changing around the world
• types of drugs are changing
• safe and effective drug development is time consuming and expensive
• pharmaceutical industry has experienced productivity challenges
• structure of pharmaceutical industry is evolving.