4🅱️ // miller workshop Flashcards
antibodies can act as what
antibodies can act as drugse
xamples of antibodies that act as drugs
Humira antibody
what does the Humira antibody do
binds to cytokine TNF-a to inhibit inflammation that would otherwise cause autoimmune diseases
why do TNF-a s need to be inhibited
they cause inflammation which can lead to autoimmune diseases
what is an antibody drug conjugate
when an antibody is raised to target a specific cell (tumour)
the antibody normally has a side chain with a linker and a warhead that is cytotoxic
positive of conjugated antibody drug conjugates
theyre very effective with little side effects
very specific ,, well targetted
whats a negative of antibody drug conjugates
theyre very expensive
dna to m rna
Transcription
what happens after dna is transcribed into mrna
exits the nuc
associates with ribosome
is translated into a protein using trna (has an aa associated with it)
recombinant dna technology
allows us to make proteins from dna artificially
why can antibodies not be administered orally
they are made up of amino acids,, enzymes such as protease will hydrolyse them,,, they will no longer be effective.
antibodies are proteins
parts of an antibody
heavy chain
light chain
constant portion // region
variable region // portion
disulphide bonds between heavy and light chain
part of the antibody that binds to the cell
variable region
whats special about the constant region
evryone has the same constant region
polyclonal
when body releases a bunch of b cells which all produce different antibodies
what else can antibodies be called
immunoglobulins
why can polyclonal antibodies not be used
too many different effects due to a large variety of variable regions,, conc of each antibody secreted changes each time,, too many unknowns,, dont want to risk it
unpredictable pharmacological effects
epitope
part of the antigen that an antibody can bind to
how are antibodies raised to target a specific antigen
bleeds (samples of blood) are harvested from animal (bunny, mouse) spleens
b cells are collected but may die quick due to apoptosis (programmed cell death)
hybridoma cells miust be made: myeloma cell x b cell using PEG to disrupt cell membranes to allow them to merge 50:50
hybridomas are placed on HAT medium which kills cells taht arent hybridomas (only b cells,, only myeloma cells)
problems of monoclonal antibody production
- growing mammilian cells is difficult due to apoptosis
- need to select the correct b cells
- variable region must be human
- constant region cant be human - chimeras,, leads to an immune response
- need to grow a variety of cells to find effective antibodies
what is a chimeric antibody
antibody where the variable region is human so it can bind to human cells
the constant region is from an animal so the body doesnt have an immune response
NH3+ amino acid side chains
lysine
argenine
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds (H bond donors)
hydrophilic
CO2- amino acid side chains
aspartate
glutamate
carboxylate side chains
ionic and hydrophilic, hydrogen bond acceptors bc they have lone pairs
hydrophobic aa bc they are uncharged side chains
leusine
isoleusine
phenylalanine
no h bonds
like other uncharged groups
H bonding aa
asparagine
glutamine
serine
hydrophobic bonding interactions
boring areas
no charges no nothing
