4🅱️ // miller workshop Flashcards

1
Q

antibodies can act as what

A

antibodies can act as drugse

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2
Q

xamples of antibodies that act as drugs

A

Humira antibody

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3
Q

what does the Humira antibody do

A

binds to cytokine TNF-a to inhibit inflammation that would otherwise cause autoimmune diseases

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4
Q

why do TNF-a s need to be inhibited

A

they cause inflammation which can lead to autoimmune diseases

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5
Q

what is an antibody drug conjugate

A

when an antibody is raised to target a specific cell (tumour)

the antibody normally has a side chain with a linker and a warhead that is cytotoxic

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6
Q

positive of conjugated antibody drug conjugates

A

theyre very effective with little side effects
very specific ,, well targetted

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7
Q

whats a negative of antibody drug conjugates

A

theyre very expensive

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8
Q

dna to m rna

A

Transcription

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9
Q

what happens after dna is transcribed into mrna

A

exits the nuc
associates with ribosome
is translated into a protein using trna (has an aa associated with it)

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10
Q

recombinant dna technology

A

allows us to make proteins from dna artificially

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11
Q

why can antibodies not be administered orally

A

they are made up of amino acids,, enzymes such as protease will hydrolyse them,,, they will no longer be effective.

antibodies are proteins

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12
Q

parts of an antibody

A

heavy chain
light chain
constant portion // region
variable region // portion
disulphide bonds between heavy and light chain

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13
Q

part of the antibody that binds to the cell

A

variable region

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14
Q

whats special about the constant region

A

evryone has the same constant region

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15
Q

polyclonal

A

when body releases a bunch of b cells which all produce different antibodies

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16
Q

what else can antibodies be called

A

immunoglobulins

17
Q

why can polyclonal antibodies not be used

A

too many different effects due to a large variety of variable regions,, conc of each antibody secreted changes each time,, too many unknowns,, dont want to risk it

unpredictable pharmacological effects

18
Q

epitope

A

part of the antigen that an antibody can bind to

19
Q

how are antibodies raised to target a specific antigen

A

bleeds (samples of blood) are harvested from animal (bunny, mouse) spleens

b cells are collected but may die quick due to apoptosis (programmed cell death)

hybridoma cells miust be made: myeloma cell x b cell using PEG to disrupt cell membranes to allow them to merge 50:50

hybridomas are placed on HAT medium which kills cells taht arent hybridomas (only b cells,, only myeloma cells)

20
Q

problems of monoclonal antibody production

A
  • growing mammilian cells is difficult due to apoptosis
  • need to select the correct b cells
  • variable region must be human
  • constant region cant be human - chimeras,, leads to an immune response
  • need to grow a variety of cells to find effective antibodies
21
Q

what is a chimeric antibody

A

antibody where the variable region is human so it can bind to human cells

the constant region is from an animal so the body doesnt have an immune response

22
Q

NH3+ amino acid side chains

A

lysine
argenine

ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds (H bond donors)
hydrophilic

23
Q

CO2- amino acid side chains

A

aspartate
glutamate

carboxylate side chains

ionic and hydrophilic, hydrogen bond acceptors bc they have lone pairs

24
Q

hydrophobic aa bc they are uncharged side chains

A

leusine
isoleusine
phenylalanine

no h bonds
like other uncharged groups

25
Q

H bonding aa

A

asparagine
glutamine
serine

26
Q

hydrophobic bonding interactions

A

boring areas

no charges no nothing