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AQA-A level Biology-revision cards > Topic 2A - Year 1 - Cell Structure and Division - Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Topic 2A - Year 1 - Cell Structure and Division - Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the fact that all living organisms are made of cells which have the same basic features in common suggest?

A

That all living things evolved from the same common ancestor

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2
Q

There are to main types of organism name these:

A

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote ?

A

A single celled organism

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4
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A organism made up of several eukaryotic cells.

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5
Q

Which is the more complex cell , eukaryotic or prokaryotic ?

A

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

Which type of cell , eukaryotic or prokaryotic, contains a greater quantity of organelles (genrally)?

A

Eukaryotic cells generally contain more organelles.

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7
Q

Which type of cells are Eukaryotic

A

Animal cells
Plant cells
Algal cells
Fungal cells.

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8
Q

Which organelles does an animal cell contain?

A 
Cell surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
Nucleolus
Nucleus 
Nuclear envelope 
Lysosome 
Ribosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
Mitochondrion 
cytoplasm
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9
Q

Which organelles does a plant cell contain ?

A 
Cell wall ( made from cellulose)
Cell surface membrane 
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
Nucleolus 
Nucleus 
Nuclear envelope 
Ribosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
Mitochondrion 
Cytoplasm 
Chloroplasts 
Vacuole
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10
Q

Which organelles does a plant cell contain that an animal cell doesn’t?

A

Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall

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11
Q

Which organelles do algal cells contain?

A 
Cell wall (made from cellulose)
Cell surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
Nucleolus
Nucleus 
Nuclear envelope 
Ribosomes 
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion 
Cytoplasm 
Vacuole 
Single large chloroplast.
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12
Q

Which organelles do fungal cells contain?

A 
Cell wall ( made from chitin)
Cell surface membrane 
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus 
Nucleus 
Nuclear envelope 
Ribosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
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13
Q

Why do fungal cells not have chloroplasts?

A

Fungal cells don’t need chloroplasts as they don’t photosynthesises.

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14
Q

What are fungal cell walls made from?

A

Chitin

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15
Q

What are plant cell walls and algal cell walls made from?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

plasmodesmata are ‘channels’ in the cell wall used for exchanging substances between adjacent cells.

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17
Q

What is the cell surface membrane?

A

The cell surface membrane is a plasma membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just beneath the cell wall in plant algal and fungal cells. It is made from phospholipids as well as proteins and cholesterol.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

The cell surface membrane regulates the movements of substances into and out of the cell.

The cell surface membrane also has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

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19
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is a large organelle that contains chromosomes which are stored in a. nucleolus , the nucleus also contains chromatin and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which is a double membrane that contains many pores to allow RNA to pass in and out.

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus controls the cells activities. DNA contains instructions to make proteins . The nuclear envelope has pores the function of these pores is to allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

What is found in the nucleolus ?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and why does it have pores?

A

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane it has pores to allow RNA pas between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

23
Q

Explain the structure of a mitochondrion

A

Mitochondrion are oval shaped organelles . mitochondrion have double membranes (an inner membrane and an outer membrane). The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded into structures called cristae. Inside of the membranes is the matrix , the matrix contains the enzymes involved in aerobic respiration. Mitochondrion also sometimes contain small pieces of circular DNA .

24
Q

What is contained within the matrix of a mitochondrion ?

A

Enzymes involved in aerobic respiration.

25
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

The mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces ATP which is the common energy source of a cell.

26
Q

Typically which type of cell would contain lots of mitochondria ?

A

Lots of mitochondria are found in cells that are very active or require a lot of energy as cells with more mitochondria can synthesise more ATP.

27
Q

Explain the structure of a Chloroplast.

A

A chloroplast is a small flattened structure found in plant cells and algal cells. The chloroplast has a double membrane and then as well as this has additional membranes inside known as thylakoid membranes. The thylakiod membranes are staked up inside of the chloroplast to form grana. Grana are then linked together by lamella , which are thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane. The chloroplast also contains stroma which is a thick surrounding fluid.

28
Q

In a chloroplast how are the thylakoid membranes arranged?

A

In a chloroplast the thylakoids membranes are stacked to make grana , these grana are then connected by thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane known as lamella.

29
Q

What does the lamella connect in a chloroplast?

A

Stacks of thylakoid membranes/ grana

30
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast is the site where photosynthesis takes place . Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana where the chlorophyll is stored , other parts take place in the stroma

31
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus is a group of fluid filled , membrane bound flattened sacs.

32
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

The Golgi apparatus takes lipids and enzymes as well as other proteins that have been synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane bound vesicles. It often processes some proteins before they are packaged for instance carbohydrate chains may be added to form glycoproteins.

33
Q

Describe what Golgi vesicle is?

A

A Golgi vesicle is a small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane , the Golgi vesicles are produced by the Golgi apparatus . Golgi vesicles ‘bud off’ the Golgi apparatus.

34
Q

What is the purpose of a Golgi vesicle ?

A

A Golgi vesicles stores and transports lipids and proteins as well as other substances made by the Golgi apparatus. Golgi vesicles can then secrete their content to where it is needed.

35
Q

What is a lysozyme ?

A

A lysozyme is a round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure . The lysozyme is a type of golgi vesicle and contains dugestive enzymes called lysosomes.

36
Q

What are the enzymes in lysosomes called?

A

Lysozyme’s

37
Q

What is the function of a lysozyme?

A

Lysosomes contain lysozyme which are powerful digestive enzymes , the plasma membrane of the organelle keeps these powerful enzymes separate from the cytoplasm. These enzymes can be used to digest invading or foreign cells or to break down worn out components of a cell.

38
Q

Which two things are lysozyme from lysosomes used to break down?

A

Invading cells

Worn out components of self cells

39
Q

Where are ribosomes found in cells?

A

A ribosome is a very small organelle which floats freely in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

40
Q

What is a ribosome made of ?

A

Protein and RNA

41
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome:

A

A ribosome has a structure that makes it appear like an 8 with a bottom heavy nature , there is a smaller subunit of ribosome at the top then there is at the bottom.

A ribosome is NOT surrounded by a plasma membrane.

42
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

To synthesise protein

43
Q

Describe the structure of a rough endoplasmic reticulum:

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane bound channels . the channels are called cisternae. The membrane bound channels often link up with the nuclear envelope. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has lots of membranes on its surface.

44
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum folds and process proteins made in the ribosomes , hence is involved in protein synthesis.

45
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane bound channels . The channels are called cisternae.

46
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and processes lipids.

47
Q

What is the cell wall ?

A

The cell wall is a structure that gives support to , plant , algal and fungi cells. In plants and algae it made of cellulose but in fungi its made of chitin.

48
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

The cell wall exists to give the cell support and to prevent it from changing shape.

49
Q

What is the cell vacuole?

A

The cell vacuole is a membrane bound organelle found in the cytoplasm , it contains cell sap which is a weak solution of sugar and salts . The membrane that surround the vacuole is known as the tonoplast.

50
Q

What does the cell vacuole do ?

A

The cell vacuole maintains pressure inside the cell and the reps it rigid preventing wilting

The cell vacuole also helps the cell isolate unwanted chemicals

51
Q

Explain why it is necessary to have a cell wall and a cell membrane?

A

The cell wall is fully permeable , this means anything can pass through it hence a cell membrane is needed to regulate what enters and leaves the cell as the cell membrane is only partially permeable.

52
Q

What does a group of specialised cell make?

A

A tissue

53
Q

What is a group of tissues working together referred to as ?

A

An organ

54
Q

What is a group of organs working together referred to as ?

A

An organ system

AQA-A level Biology-revision cards (21 decks)

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