Topic 26: Carbonyl Group

Question 1

Carbonyl group

Answer 1

C=O

Question 2

Aldehyde

Answer 2

Contains carbonyl group on the end (hyde) (hidding on the end)

Question 3

Ketone

Answer 3

Contains carbonyl group NOT on the end

Question 4

Aldehyde nomenclature

Answer 4

alkanal
eg pronanal
butanal
Never numbers as always on end

Question 5

Ketone nomenclature

Answer 5

alkanone
eg propanone
pentan-2-one
Number as can be anywhere in middle of chain

Question 6

Aldehydes oxidise into

Answer 6

Carboxylic acids

Question 7

Ketones oxidise into

Answer 7

Nothing… they don’t oxidise

Question 8

Test for aldehyde/ ketone

Answer 8

Tollens reagent creates silver mirror when reacts with aldehyde, NOT ketones

Question 9

Tollens reaction

Answer 9

[Ag(NH3)2]^+ reduced to Ag

Question 10

Primary alcohol oxides to ____ oxides to ____

Answer 10

aldehyde - carboxylic acid
Reduced the otherway as well

Question 11

Secondary alcohol oxidises to ____ oxides to ____

Answer 11

Ketone - NOTHING
Reduced the other way as well

Question 12

Reducing agent of carbonyl group compounds

Answer 12

NaBH4
Sodium Tetrahydridoborate

Question 13

Name of mechanism for carbonyl group

Answer 13

Nucleophilic addition

Question 14

Where does :H- come from

Answer 14

NaBH4

Question 15

Drawing mechanism reducing aldehyde/ ketone

Answer 15

Arrow from :H- or :-CN to carbon
Arrow from double bond to O
New molecule
:O- attached still
Arrow from lone pair on O to H+
Makes alcohol or hydroxynitrile
e.g. 2-hydroxybutanenitrile or 2-hydroxy-2-methybutanenitrile

Question 16

Carboxylic acids

Answer 16

Weak acids - dissociate incompletely

Question 17

Carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate
reaction

Answer 17

2CH3COOH+ Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

Question 18

Esters functional group

Answer 18

R-COO-R

Question 19

Naming esters

Answer 19

Methyl ethanoate
1st bit comes from the bit attached just to the O (where the OH would be)
2nd bit comes from what the carboxylic acid would be called

Question 20

Forming esters

Answer 20

Esterification/ Hydrolysis
Carboxylic acids and alcohols
Equ’m mixture with strong acid catalyst H+.

Question 21

Glycerol

Answer 21

Very soluble in water used in toothpaste

Question 22

Acyl chloride

Answer 22

R-COCl

Question 23

Acid anhydride

Answer 23

−C(=O)−O−C(=O)−

Question 24

Naming acyl chlorides

Answer 24

alkanoyl chlorides
propanoyl chloride

Question 25

Naming acid anhydrides

Answer 25

Alkanoic anhydrides Ethanoic anhydride

Question 26

Properties of acyl chlorides

Answer 26

React quickly Violent reaction Produces steamy white fumes of HCl toxic gas

Question 27

Properties of acid anhydrides

Answer 27

Cheaper Less corrosive Less vigorous Only carboxylic acids

Question 28

Nucleophilic addition elimination mechanism

Answer 28

Arrow from nucleophile to carbon Arrow from double bond to oxygen New molecule :O- Positive nucleophile Arrow from lone pair on O to CO bond Arrow from Cl bond to Cl Arrow from bond to positive nucelophile Makes carboxylic acid among other things

Question 29

Mechanism of acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides name

Answer 29

Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 30

Produced from primary amine and acyl chloride

Answer 30

N-substituted amide

Question 31

Reaction of acid anhydride and methanol

Answer 31

Ethanoic acid and methy ethanoate

Question 32

Produced from acyl chloride and ammonia

Answer 32

Amide

Question 33

Nucleophiles in nucleophilic addition elimination

Answer 33

H2O: , alcohol, ammonia and primary amines