Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSC1010-Psychology > Topic 2.1 - The brain & mind > Flashcards

Topic 2.1 - The brain & mind Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Explain the role of Biology IN Psychology.

A

Focuses on the links between biology and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the role of Biological Psychology

A

Branch of neurosciences that examines the biological bases of psychological processes, behaviour and learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does The Nervous System (NS) compromise of?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does CNS and PNS compromise of respectively.

A
  1. CNS: The central processing unit comprises of Brain and Spinal Cord
  2. PNS comprises of: Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 Nervous System Blocks

A
  1. Neurons or nerve cells
    Transmitting information to, from, and within the CNS
  2. Glia or glia cells
    Hold neurons together, as well as nourish, insulate, and protect them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the individual component of CNS and PNS in detail.

A
  1. Brain, interprets and stores information and sends orders
  2. Spinal cord, pathway connecting the brain and the PNS
  3. ANS, comprises 2 parts working together, in opposing ways to adjust the body to changing circumstances. Known as:
    Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS.
  4. SNS, comprises 2 parts, Sensory input and Motor output.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How Neurons Communicate?

A
  1. Electrical Process (Action Potential)
  2. Chemical Process (Neurotransmitter)
  3. Cleaning Up Process (Reuptake)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the steps of neuron communications.

A
  1. Action Potential is a brief electrical charge that travels
    down an axon
  2. Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse.
  3. Reuptake is a process of reabsorbing excess neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Synapse is the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 structures of Neurons. (e.g Dendrites, receive ..)

A
  1. Dendrites,
    Branch-like structures that receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body
  2. Soma,
    The cell body that keeps entire cell alive and determines whether it will fire
  3. Axon,
    Tube-like extension that transmits messages to other neurons, muscles or gland cells
  4. Axon terminals,
    Terminal branches of axon
  5. Myelin sheath,
    Fatty insulation surrounding the axon, helps speed the neural impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

6 types of Neurotransmitter and its Functions. (e.g Dopamine, it influence..)

A
  1. Dopamine (DA),
    it influences movement, learning, attention, and sensations of pleasure.
  2. Serotonin (5-HT),
    Affects mood, appetite, sleep and anxiety
  3. Acetylcholine (ACh),
    Enables Muscle Action, learning and memory
  4. Norepinephrine (NE),
    Helps control alertness and arousal
  5. Gaba-amino butyric (GABA),
    Involved in sleep and inhibits movements.
  6. Endorphins,
    Involved in pain relief.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

6 types of neurotransmitter (E.g Dopamine) and its respective malfunctions (Oversupply & Undersupply),

A
  1. Dopamine (DA),
    Oversupply → schizophrenia
    Undersupply → Parkinson’s disease, depression
  2. Serotonin (5-HT),
    Undersupply → depression, sleep and eating disorders
  3. Acetylcholine (ACh),
    Oversupply → muscle contraction, convulsions
    Undersupply → Alzheimer’s disease
  4. Norepinephrine (NE),
    Oversupply → stress and panic disorder;
    Undersupply → depression
  5. Gaba-amino butyric (GABA),
    Undersupply → seizures, tremors and insomnia
  6. Endorphins,
    Oversupply → insensitivity to pain;
    Undersupply → pain hypersensitivity, immune problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 type of 2nd communication system?

A
  1. Endocrine System
  2. Hormones (chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 6 Endocrine Glands (Pituitary glands) & Hormones (Growth) produced respectively.

A
  1. Pituitary gland, located in the brain
    secretes human growth hormone.
  2. Pineal gland, located near the base of the cerebrum
    secretes melatonin, related to sleep.
  3. Thyroid gland, found in the neck
    secretes thyroxin, growth and metabolism hormones.
  4. Pancreas,
    secretes insulin and glucagon to control levels of sugar in the blood.
  5. Gonads, located in ovaries and testes
    regulate sexual behavior & reproduction.
  6. Adrenal glands, located at top of each kidney
    secrete over 30 hormones (corticoids/steroids) to control stress reactions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Lesioning Studies?

A

Examining brain areas that are damaged in animals and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Brain Stimulation and the 2 types of studies? (Invasive & Non-Invasive)

A

Electrical stimulation to disrupt/enhance brain areas, and study changes in behaviour and cognition.

  1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) - Invasive treatment for Parkinson’s Disease, Seizures,
    Chronic Pain.
  2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Non-invasive treatment for PTSD & depression.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 type of Mapping Structures.

A
  1. Computed Tomography (CT)
  2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 3 type of Mapping Functions.

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity.
  2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - visual display of brain activity in radioactive.
  3. Functional MRI (fMRI) - tracking changes in blood oxygen levels.
19
Q

What are the 3 Brain Structure?

A
  1. Forebrain - higher functioning (thinking, decision-making)
  2. Midbrain - important for sensory & motor functions
  3. Hindbrain - functions essential to maintain life
20
Q

What are the 2 components of Forebrain?

A
  1. Limbic System
  2. Cerebrum
21
Q

5 Components of the Limbic System (e.g Thalamus) and its function (e.g brain’s sensory..).

A
  1. Thalamus,
    Receives information from all senses (except smell) and routes it to higher brain regions responsible for vision, hearing, touch & taste
  2. Hypothalamus,
    Regulates survival needs and emotions.
  3. Hippocampus,
    Forming of long-term memories
  4. Amygdala,
    Arousal and regulation of emotion; initial response to sensory information (fear)
  5. Cingulate Cortex,
    Influences emotional & cognitive processing
22
Q

2 Components of Cerebrum.

A
  1. Cerebral Hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum.
  2. Cerebral Cortex, the outer layer of the cerebrum covering the cerebral hemispheres
23
Q

What are the 4 main lobes and its function found in Cerebral Cortex.

A
  1. Frontal Lobe,
    Complex decision-making, planning, memory, personality and social judgement.
  2. Temporal Lobe,
    Hearing.
  3. Parietal Lobe,
    Receives sensory input for touch & body position.
  4. Occipital Lobe,
    Receive visual information.
24
Q

What are the 3 main components of Hindbrain?

A
  1. The Brain Stem which has Medulla and Pons
  2. Reticular Formation - controlling arousal and attention
  3. Cerebellum (Little Brain) - regulates movement and balance
25
Q

What are the functions of Medulla and Pons in the hindbrain.

A

Medulla - controls heartbeat, breathing
Pons - influences sleep, waking & dreaming

26
Q

Explain Cognitive Neuroscience, Dual processing and Parallel processing.

A
  1. Cognitive Neuroscience is a interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with mental processes.
  2. Dual processing are information that is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious & unconscious tracks.
  3. Parallel processing are the processes in many aspects of a problem simultaneously.
27
Q

What is sleep? and the functions of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus.

A

Sleep is a periodic loss of consciousness, controlled by the brain via Circadian Rhythm.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) is the biological clock that responds to light & dark changes. It also regulates levels of hormones (Melatonin) & neurotransmitters (Serotonin).

28
Q

What are the 2 Sleep Period?

A
  1. Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
  2. Non-REM
29
Q

5 Stages of sleep defined by brain-wave activity by EEG.

A
  1. N1: light sleep, drifting in & out consciousness.
  2. N2: body temperature & heart rate ↓, breathing shallow, minor noises won’t wake.
  3. N3: breathing & pulse ↓, muscles relax, deep sleep, hard to wake .
  4. N4: breathing & pulse ↓, muscles relax, deep sleep, hard to wake.
  5. REM: brain active, body inactive.
30
Q

What is Brain plasticity theory in Sleep.

A

Helps us restore & rebuild fading memories of day’s
experiences

31
Q

What are the short and long term effects of Sleep Deprivations?

A

Short-Term,
↓ attention and concentration, mental flexibility and creativity.
mental & physical consequences, emotional symptoms.

Long-Term,
hallucinations and delusions, mood disorders and risk of diabetes & heart disease.

32
Q

What are the 5 common sleeping disorders?

A
  1. Insomnia
  2. Sleep Apnea
  3. Narcolepsy
  4. Night Terrors
  5. REM behaviour disorders
33
Q

What is Psychoactive Drugs and the 5 drug classifications.

A

Substances that alter perception, mood, thinking, memory or behaviour by changing
body’s biochemistry

  1. Stimulants - cocaine, nicotine, caffeine
  2. Depressants - benzodiazepines, alcohol
  3. Narcotics - opioids
  4. Hallucinogens - LSD, PCP, MDMA
  5. Marijuana
34
Q

What are some of the Physiology of drug effects. (e.g Withdrawal Symptoms)

A

Large amounts & frequent use can damage neurons in the brain.
Heavy use can also lead to tolerance.
Cessation causes severe withdrawal symptoms.

35
Q

Explain Sensory and Perception.

A

Sensory: process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment .

Perception: process of organising and interpreting sensory information.

36
Q

4 Measurement of Senses

A
  1. Psychophysics
    Studies the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and their effects on psychological experiences
  2. Absolute Threshold
    The minimum stimulus energy needed to consciously detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
  3. Difference threshold
    The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
  4. Signal Detection Theory
    Detection of sensory signal comprises a sensory process & a decision process
37
Q

4 types of Sensory Adjustments

A
  1. Habituation
    Tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information so that it can focus on what matters.
  2. Sensory Adaption
    Diminishing sensitivity of sensory receptor cells to unchanging or constant stimulus.
  3. Sensory Deprivation
    Absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation, effects vary depending on duration and person’s interpretations.
  4. Sensory Overload
    Managed by process of selective attention, may also deprive of information that is needed.
38
Q

Describe Vision and Visual system. (Visual Stimulus and 3 Perceptual properties)

A

Visual Stimulus: light waves that travel in a straight line
Perceptual properties :
1. Hue - dimension of visual experience specified by colour names.
2. Brightness - amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object.
3. Saturation - vividness or purity of colour.

Visual System: Light enters the visual system through the eye.
- retina sends signals to ganglion cells and ultimately to optic nerve.

39
Q

Describe Hearing and Hearing system. (Auditory Stimulus and 3 Perceptual properties)

A

Auditory Stimulus: Sound waves
Perceptual properties :
1. Frequency - cycles of waves per second corresponding to experience of pitch.
2. Volume - intensity corresponds to experience of loudness.
3. Timbre - complexity or richness in the tone of the sound.

Hearing System:
Outer Ear: eardrum & canal
Middle Ear: hammer, anvil & stirrup
Inner Ear: cochlea

Hearing receptors: hair cells

40
Q

Describe Taste (Gustation and receptors) and the 4 types of tastes.

A

Gustation: the sensation of taste

Gustation receptors: taste buds

4 types: salty, sour, bitter, sweet

41
Q

Describe Smell (Olfaction, receptors and bulbs)

A

Olfaction: the ability to smell odors

Olfaction Receptors: specialized neurons embedded in a tiny patch of mucous membrane

Olfaction Bulbs: areas of brain located just above sinus cavity and just below frontal lobes that receive information

42
Q

What is Somesthetic Senses and the 4 types.

A

Somesthetic Senses :the body senses

  1. Skin senses - touch, pressure, temperature & pain (Gate control theory)
  2. Proprioceptive senses -
  3. Kinesthetic senses - body’s sense of movement & position in space
  4. Vestibular senses - sensations of movement, balance, & body position
43
Q

What is “Gate Control Theory”? (Pain, Gate, Spinal Cord, Brain)

A

Gate control theory: experience of pain depends on whether neural impulses get past a “gate” in the spinal cord and reach the brain

HSC1010-Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions