Topic 1 - Introduction

Question 1

Explain “psychology” and the goal of it?

Answer 1

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental process, aimed to understand human and animal behaviour.

The Goal of psychology is to learn things by uncovering mysteries of human in 4 steps. Describe, Explain, Predict and Control

Question 2

Psychology role’s in healthcare.

Answer 2

Enhance understanding beyond symptoms, aids in assessments and emphasizes critical thinking, which is crucial for patient interactions and research skills in health science.

Question 3

Explain the 7 milestone of psychology development and its goal.
(Objective Introspection, Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviourism & Humanism)

Answer 3

Objective Introspection, the process of objectively examining
and measuring mental processes resulting from physical
sensations.

Structuralism, using introspection to reveal the structure of the
mind.

Functionalism, how the mind allows people to function in real world.

Gestalt, Looks at the human mind and behaviour as a whole
not in parts “The whole is other than the sum of its parts”.

Psychoanalysis, Emphasised the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behaviour.

Behaviourism, focus on scientific enquiry; focus on observable behaviour, not consciousness. Conditioning and Learning.

Humanism, Focus on how environmental influences can
nurture or limit growth potential particularly in attention on having human needs of love and acceptance satisfied.

Question 4

The Purpose of the 4 Contemporary Approaches?
(Cognitive, Sociocultural, Biological and Biopsychology)

Answer 4

Cognitive, Focuses on Mental Process
Sociocultural, Focuses on Social and Cultural influences.
Biological, Focuses on bodily events and changes
Biopsychology, Integrated approach, Considers all of the above.

Question 5

What are the 5 professions within Psychology?

Answer 5

Psychiatrists, Only profession that can prescribe medication.
Clinical Psychologists,
Psychoanalyst,
Psychotherapist,
Counsellor

Question 6

Explain “critical thinking”.

Answer 6

Ability to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote.

Question 7

What are the 3 Contribution of Critical Thinking in Psychology

Answer 7

Surprise Finding,
Demystifying popular assumptions,
Identifying effective policies.

Question 8

What are the 8 essential critical thinking guidelines

Answer 8

1.Ask questions
2.Define your terms
3.Examine the evidence
4.Analyse assumptions and biases
5.Avoid emotional reasoning
6.Do not oversimplify
7.Consider other interpretations
8.Tolerate uncertainty

Question 9

Explain “Scientific Method” in Psychology.

Answer 9

A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation
and analysis

Question 10

What are the 5 steps of scientific methods?

Answer 10

1. Perceiving Questions - Describe
2. Forming a Hypothesis - Describe + Explain
3. Testing the Hypothesis - Explain
4. Drawing Conclusions - Predict
5. Reporting of results. - Control

Question 11

Explain the 3 Research Methods in Psychology.
(Descriptive, Correlational and Experimental)

Answer 11

1. Descriptive Methods: Establishing the Facts
2. Correlational Methods: Looking for Positive or Negative Relationships
3. Experimental Methods: Hunting for Causes by manipulating one or more variables to measure changes in the variable(s) of interest.

Question 12

What are 2 hazards of Experimental Method?

Answer 12

1. Placebo effect - the expectations and biases of the
   participants in a study can influence their behaviour
2. Experimenter effect - the experimenter’s biases can affect or
   influence participant’s behaviour

Question 13

What are the solutions for the 2 hazards of Experimental Method?

Answer 13

1. Single Blind Study
2. Double Blind Study

Question 14

What are the 3 ways in drawing a conclusion?

Answer 14

1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
3. Interpreting the Findings

Question 15

What are the 8 Guidelines of Psychological Research Ethics.

Answer 15

1. Rights and well-being of participants come first
2. Participants must be able to make an informed decision (informed consent)
3. Deception of participants must be reasonable and justifiable
4. Participants should be able to withdraw from the study at any time
5. Participants must be explicitly informed and protected from risks
6. Investigators must explain to participants the nature of the study and expectation of results at its conclusion
7. Participant’s identities and personal information must be confidential
8. The researcher is responsible for detecting and addressing any undesirable consequences for the participants