Topic 2: What is a drug?

Question 1

recreation drugs

Answer 1

affect CNS
used for perceived beneficial effects
can cause addiction/habituation

Question 2

Chemical characterization of drugs

Answer 2

structure, synthesis, purity, pKa

Question 3

bio characterization

Answer 3

LD50, ED50, receptors

Question 4

Pharmacology

Answer 4

study of drugs

Question 5

pharmaco def. of drug

Answer 5

chemical substance used in treatment, cure ,prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance mental wellness

Question 6

Paracelsus

Answer 6

1493-1541
german swiss physician, botanist
gave zinc its name
challenged hippocrates
illness result of outside agents
pioneered use of chemicals in medicine
- sickness and health relied on microcosm and macrocosm
humans must have certain balances of minerals in their bodies
reductive science - compounds need to show efficacy

Question 7

two main drug targets

Answer 7

GPCR, and protein kinases

Question 8

use SAR to

Answer 8

increase activity against target
reduce activity to unrelated targets
improve drug-likeness or ADME properties

Question 9

HTS

Answer 9

commonly used for drug discovery

Question 10

diffs between natural products and compounds in combinatorial chem libraries

Answer 10

natural compounds have more chiral centres
nat. compounds have higher structural rigidity, and higher non-aromatic unsat.
combinatorial libraries have higher aromatic moieties
O and N enriched in nat. products
S + halogens enriched in synthetic compounds

Question 11

pre clinical

Answer 11

assessment of major organ toxicity

determine FHD

Question 12

clinical phase 1

Answer 12

healthy volunteers

determine safety dosing

Question 13

clinical phase 2

Answer 13

small # sick patients

efficacy

Question 14

Clinical phase 3

Answer 14

safety and efficacy

Question 15

confounding factors

Answer 15

placebo
re-interpretation (why people use OTC cough syrups)
observer bias (affects doctors)
selection bias
natural course of illness

Question 16

Food and drug act of 1906

Answer 16

fist of 200 laws

Question 17

Federal food drug and cometic act (1938)

Answer 17

after elixir killed many people
overhauled Public health system
authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety of new dugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections

Question 18

Kefauver Harris Ammendments 1962

Answer 18

inspired by thalidomide

rules, requires proof of drugs effectiveness

Question 19

medical device amendments (1976)

Answer 19

effectiveness safeguards to new devices

Question 20

WHO defines traditional medicine

Answer 20

health practices, approaches, knowledge…

Question 21

how many in Africa use traditional medicine

Answer 21

80%

Question 22

how many in China use traditional medicine

Answer 22

30-50%

Question 23

how many in India use traditional medicine

Answer 23

2/3 of pop

Question 24

how many iwith HIV/AIDS use traditional medicine

Answer 24

75%