Topic 1 Flashcards
Dermal
trichromes and outgrowth
secrete secondary compounds
Vascular
long distance transport of material
- xylem and phloem
Ground tissue
between vascular and dermal
- support and storage
- w/n vascular tissue = pith
- external to vascular tissue = cortex
xylem
water from roots to shoots water conducting cells tracheas and vessel elements dead reinforced by primary and secondary cell walls - prevent collapsing
phloem
transport sugars from site of synthesis to the roots live cells sieve tube members, sieve plates lack organelles companion cells connected via plasmodesmata
translocation
phloem movement
transpiration
xylem movement
alleopathy
release of chemical substance that has harmful effects on neighbouring plants
- decrease in competition
- ex. black walnuts, eucalyptus leaf, tree of heaven
Volatile organic compounds
plant symbiotic communication
warning to activate defenders
ex. sage and tomatoes
- sage releases methy jasmonate when crushed, stimulates nearby tomatoes to produce protease inhibitors that kill insects
morphine synthesized and stored in _________
seed capsule
gingsenosides synthesized and stored in ___________
roots
nicotine synthesizes in _________ and stored in __________
roots
leaves
mevalonic acid pathway synthesizes
terpenes from acetyl coA
shikimic acid pathway synthesizes
alkaloids and phenolics from aromatic amino acids
malonic acid pathway synthesizes
phenolics
krebs cycle synthesizes
aliphatic amino acid precursors for alkaloids
geraniol
non cyclic terpene ex
limonene
cyclic terpene ex
oranges
nicotine
simple plant alkaloid ex
ergotamine
complex plant alkaloid ex
reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (_________ error)
false positive, type 1
reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (correct outcome)
true positive
accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (correct outcome)
true negative
accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (_________ error)
false negative, type II
Pharmacodynamics
The action of a drug on the body through a receptor in which it binds with (or through other mechanisms)
Pharmacokinetics
the action of the body involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) of the drug
grazers choose fruits with lower levels of ________
glycoalkaloids
phenolic compounds in grapes
defence, anti fungal, antibacterial, toxic to insects
flavonoids
phenolic compounds, absorb UV light
“sunscreen”
Furanocoumarins
light induced chemical toxin
- causes fagopyrism, treats psoriasis
major producer of E and organic building blocks??
Leaves!
primary metabolic pathways
PPP, Krebs, glycolysis
production of ATP, Has, FAs
terpenese
relative of stewards synthesized from mevalonic acid pathway from acetyl-coa isoprene units rings or linear multiples of 5C
Alkaloids
contain N high pH water soluble Shikimic acid pathway from aromatic AAs krebs from aliphatic AAs ex. nicotine protection against grazing
lycoctonine
alkaloid from Larkspur plant stored in leaves poisonous kills cattle kill human lice, kill mites delousing agent in medieval times, battle of waterloo, and American civil war
digitoxin
terpene
cardiac glycoside
improve heart function
(if too high of a dose -> lethal)
oxytocin
from pituitary gland
acts on uterus and mammary glands
hormone
induces lactation and uterus contractions during childbirth
transgenic
genetically modified plants/animals have undergone the introduction of DNA into their chromosomes in order to get new genetic traits
Agrobacterium
soil microbe
genetically engineers host plant
“gene taxi”
TILLing
targeted induced local lesions
checks to see if mutation sin your gene of interest
RNAi
interference RNA
introduce an mRNA that will bind to a coding mRNA and cause its degradation
clone-by-clone sequencing
- order large insert closes by overlapping fingerprints to create physical map
- select clones with min overlap
- divide into sub clones
- sequence subclones
- assemble sub clones to create genome sequence
pros: min # of sequencing reactions needed; straightforward
cons: tedious process of building the map
Shot gun sequencing
Craig venter
break the genome into fragments that are small enough to be sequenced, then reassemble the genome by looking for overlaps in the sequence of each fragment
avoids physical map
requires many more sequencing reactions
problematic when size of fragments is smaller than the length of repetitive DNA
efficient
human genome required
combo of shot gun and physical mapping
why do sequencing projects rarely include centromeric or telomere DNA?
because they are highly repetitive
Dr. Page sequenced Cannabis gene with
shot gun
physical map
rep of a genome made on cloned DNA fragments
BAC
contain 100kb fragmentments
contig
a set of overlapping clones
purpose of DNA sequencing
to determine the order of nucleotide bases w/n a given fragment of DNA
- infer protein sequences
- study reg. of gene expression
DNA polymerases incorporate..
dNTPs into growing strand of DNA based on template
add new base only to the 3’OH group of an existing strand
terminators
modified nucleotides for DNA sequencing
ex. ddNTPs, lack 3’OH, therefore cannot serve as as an attachment site for new bases to a growing strand of DNA
- terminates elongation
DNA sequencing vs PCR
DNA seq. does not amplify sequence, only 1 primer is used
max length sequence read from a single sequencing reaction
700bp
sequence rxn steps
many identical copies of template DNA fragment
denature template
primers annealed to template
add polymerase, dNTPs, fluorescently labels terminators
extension begins at primer site
elongation proceeds until a fluorescent terminator is incorporated `
Transcriptome
sum total of all mRNA expressed from the organisms genome
dynamic (always changes)
provides the sequence of a gene, which can be used to isolate cDNA
SAGE
serial analysis of gene expression
profile of all transcripts being expressed
transcript profiling
sequence 100 of thousands of cDNA, then looking at frequency (# of hits) of any one cDNA)
any gene that is expressed in high freq. will be detected repeatedly in a random sampling of the transcriptome
