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Botany 380 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dermal

A

trichromes and outgrowth

secrete secondary compounds

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2
Q

Vascular

A

long distance transport of material

- xylem and phloem

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3
Q

Ground tissue

A

between vascular and dermal

  • support and storage
  • w/n vascular tissue = pith
  • external to vascular tissue = cortex
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4
Q

xylem

A 
water from roots to shoots
water conducting cells
tracheas and vessel elements 
dead
reinforced by primary and secondary cell walls - prevent collapsing
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5
Q

phloem

A 
transport sugars from site of synthesis to the roots 
live cells
sieve tube members, sieve plates
lack organelles
companion cells 
connected via plasmodesmata
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6
Q

translocation

A

phloem movement

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7
Q

transpiration

A

xylem movement

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8
Q

alleopathy

A

release of chemical substance that has harmful effects on neighbouring plants

  • decrease in competition
  • ex. black walnuts, eucalyptus leaf, tree of heaven
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9
Q

Volatile organic compounds

A

plant symbiotic communication
warning to activate defenders
ex. sage and tomatoes
- sage releases methy jasmonate when crushed, stimulates nearby tomatoes to produce protease inhibitors that kill insects

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10
Q

morphine synthesized and stored in _________

A

seed capsule

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11
Q

gingsenosides synthesized and stored in ___________

A

roots

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12
Q

nicotine synthesizes in _________ and stored in __________

A

roots

leaves

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13
Q

mevalonic acid pathway synthesizes

A

terpenes from acetyl coA

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14
Q

shikimic acid pathway synthesizes

A

alkaloids and phenolics from aromatic amino acids

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15
Q

malonic acid pathway synthesizes

A

phenolics

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16
Q

krebs cycle synthesizes

A

aliphatic amino acid precursors for alkaloids

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17
Q

geraniol

A

non cyclic terpene ex

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18
Q

limonene

A

cyclic terpene ex

oranges

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19
Q

nicotine

A

simple plant alkaloid ex

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20
Q

ergotamine

A

complex plant alkaloid ex

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21
Q

reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (_________ error)

A

false positive, type 1

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22
Q

reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (correct outcome)

A

true positive

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23
Q

accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (correct outcome)

A

true negative

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24
Q

accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (_________ error)

A

false negative, type II

25
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The action of a drug on the body through a receptor in which it binds with (or through other mechanisms)

26
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the action of the body involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) of the drug

27
Q

grazers choose fruits with lower levels of ________

A

glycoalkaloids

28
Q

phenolic compounds in grapes

A

defence, anti fungal, antibacterial, toxic to insects

29
Q

flavonoids

A

phenolic compounds, absorb UV light

“sunscreen”

30
Q

Furanocoumarins

A

light induced chemical toxin

- causes fagopyrism, treats psoriasis

31
Q

major producer of E and organic building blocks??

A

Leaves!

32
Q

primary metabolic pathways

A

PPP, Krebs, glycolysis

production of ATP, Has, FAs

33
Q

terpenese

A 
relative of stewards
synthesized from mevalonic acid pathway from acetyl-coa
isoprene units 
rings or linear
multiples of 5C
34
Q

Alkaloids

A 
contain N
high pH
water soluble 
Shikimic acid pathway from aromatic AAs
krebs from aliphatic AAs
ex. nicotine
protection against grazing
35
Q

lycoctonine

A 
alkaloid from Larkspur plant 
stored in leaves 
poisonous 
kills cattle 
kill human lice, kill mites 
delousing agent in medieval times, battle of waterloo, and American civil war
36
Q

digitoxin

A

terpene
cardiac glycoside
improve heart function
(if too high of a dose -> lethal)

37
Q

oxytocin

A

from pituitary gland
acts on uterus and mammary glands
hormone
induces lactation and uterus contractions during childbirth

38
Q

transgenic

A

genetically modified plants/animals have undergone the introduction of DNA into their chromosomes in order to get new genetic traits

39
Q

Agrobacterium

A

soil microbe
genetically engineers host plant
“gene taxi”

40
Q

TILLing

A

targeted induced local lesions

checks to see if mutation sin your gene of interest

41
Q

RNAi

A

interference RNA

introduce an mRNA that will bind to a coding mRNA and cause its degradation

42
Q

clone-by-clone sequencing

A
  1. order large insert closes by overlapping fingerprints to create physical map
  2. select clones with min overlap
  3. divide into sub clones
  4. sequence subclones
  5. assemble sub clones to create genome sequence

pros: min # of sequencing reactions needed; straightforward
cons: tedious process of building the map

43
Q

Shot gun sequencing

A

Craig venter
break the genome into fragments that are small enough to be sequenced, then reassemble the genome by looking for overlaps in the sequence of each fragment

avoids physical map
requires many more sequencing reactions

problematic when size of fragments is smaller than the length of repetitive DNA

efficient

44
Q

human genome required

A

combo of shot gun and physical mapping

45
Q

why do sequencing projects rarely include centromeric or telomere DNA?

A

because they are highly repetitive

46
Q

Dr. Page sequenced Cannabis gene with

A

shot gun

47
Q

physical map

A

rep of a genome made on cloned DNA fragments

48
Q

BAC

A

contain 100kb fragmentments

49
Q

contig

A

a set of overlapping clones

50
Q

purpose of DNA sequencing

A

to determine the order of nucleotide bases w/n a given fragment of DNA

  • infer protein sequences
  • study reg. of gene expression
51
Q

DNA polymerases incorporate..

A

dNTPs into growing strand of DNA based on template

add new base only to the 3’OH group of an existing strand

52
Q

terminators

A

modified nucleotides for DNA sequencing

ex. ddNTPs, lack 3’OH, therefore cannot serve as as an attachment site for new bases to a growing strand of DNA
- terminates elongation

53
Q

DNA sequencing vs PCR

A

DNA seq. does not amplify sequence, only 1 primer is used

54
Q

max length sequence read from a single sequencing reaction

A

700bp

55
Q

sequence rxn steps

A

many identical copies of template DNA fragment
denature template
primers annealed to template
add polymerase, dNTPs, fluorescently labels terminators
extension begins at primer site
elongation proceeds until a fluorescent terminator is incorporated `

56
Q

Transcriptome

A

sum total of all mRNA expressed from the organisms genome
dynamic (always changes)
provides the sequence of a gene, which can be used to isolate cDNA

57
Q

SAGE

A

serial analysis of gene expression

profile of all transcripts being expressed

58
Q

transcript profiling

A

sequence 100 of thousands of cDNA, then looking at frequency (# of hits) of any one cDNA)
any gene that is expressed in high freq. will be detected repeatedly in a random sampling of the transcriptome

Botany 380 (6 decks)

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